的的喀喀湖畔的奇迹

在南美洲玻利维亚与秘鲁交界线上,有一个世界闻名的淡水湖——的的喀喀湖,它位于安第斯山脉的崇山峻岭之中。据古代神话传说,的的喀喀湖是太阳神的眼泪汇集而成的:太阳神的儿子独自在湖畔游玩,被山神豢养的一群豹子吃掉了,太阳神痛哭儿子,泪流满湖。后来,太阳神在此湖中的岛上创造了一男一女,男的叫芒科·卡帕克,女的名叫玛玛·奥柳,二人结为夫妻,繁衍子孙,成为印加族,属于安第斯山区克丘亚族的一支。印加族人崇拜太阳神,痛恨吃掉太阳神之子的豹子,人们杀掉豹子作为太阳神的供品。以后就把一块大     

危机四伏的的世界屋脊

提起青藏高原,你首先想到的可能是世界屋脊这个词。没错,它是世界上最高、地形最复杂的高原,且素有南极和北极之外的第三极之称。可是,你可能还不知道,青藏高原也是全球气候变化的敏感区,它打个喷嚏,全球气候就会得一场大感冒。     

关于同时性的相对性的探讨的探讨

《发明与革新》２０００年第１１期中有贺道德先生的一文“关于‘同时性的相对性’的探讨”，笔者有如下异议：两事件的光信号到达中点观测者的时刻同时与否能等同于两事件同是发生与否吗？　　　　在“爱因斯坦火车”中，同时性定义为：两处事件的光信号同时到达中点位置，则该两处事件为同时性事件。贺先生的文章，自始至终建立在这个不严密的定义基础上。爱因斯坦的定义犯了偷换概念的逻辑错误，把事件发生时刻偷换为事件光信号到达某地点的时刻。须知，任何信号的传递都要有时间的，光也不例外，因此光到达观察者的时刻已经不是事件的发…     

学习的有效性与注意的持久保持性的关联性的研究

本文在界定了注意的指向性、注意的集中性、无意注意和有意注意等概念的含义之后,探研了注意的基本特征和基本类型与注意的持久保持性方面所存在的内在关系,并在明示了它们之间的关联性之后,论证了学习的有效性与注意的持久保持性的关联性。本文在通过对学习的有效性与注意持久的保持性的关联性的研究之后,最后明确地指出一名学习者要成为优秀的学习者就要拥有良好的注意持久的保持性。     

蚂蚁的决策的方式

对经济进行预测是愚不可及的行为，因为这种复杂系统无法进行预测。正如同蝴蝶效应一样，微小的行为在自增强的情况下，可能会引发大变化。[编者按]     

最的的鱼餐

最新数据显示：由于过度捕捞，全世界范围内的鱼类，尤其是大型掠食性鱼类的数量以空前的速度大幅度减少，如果不尽力保护这些资源，那我们的餐桌上将只剩下海蜇和蚝汤。     

适合的才是最好的

正适合的才是最好的。盐城市大丰区城东实验小学正是适合大丰经济、社会、文化、教育发展需求,应运而生的一所现代化小学。学校总投资2.2亿元,占地面积79900平方米,建筑面积45000平方米,建有96个标准化教室,室内体育馆、大型报告厅、音乐、美术、科技专用教学楼等一应俱全。学生食堂、图书室、开放式阅览室、名画鉴赏室、走廊书吧,各项设施全部按照省一类标准配备。     

台湾的，人文的

台湾音乐已经成为了所谓港台音乐的主流,这一切当然是因为人文底蕴的支撑。当然,我不愿看到这种人文到最后演变成一种滥情的小资情调     

我国沙拐枣属的分类与分布

我国沙拐枣属共24种，占本属的2／3。亚洲中部是该属的起源地。我国是该属分布区的最东端，它主要分布在新疆和甘肃等省(区)。     

国产甘草属植物的核型研究

本文对国产7种甘草属植物的核型进行了研究，其结果为：乌拉尔甘草2n＝16＝   6m+10sm；黄甘草2n＝16=8m+6sm十2st；光果甘草2n＝16=14m+2sm；胀果甘   草2n＝16＝6m十10sm；粗毛甘草2n=16=12m十4sm；云南甘草20＝16=12m十   4sm；刺果甘草2n＝16＝12m十4sm。基于对现有资料的分析，确认该属的染色体基数为   x=8，  且核型对称性程度较高。  通过对不同种核型进行比较，发现刺果甘草是本文所研究   7个种中最原始的，而黄甘草的进化程度相对较高。     

杭子梢属10种植物的染色体数目

本文报道了杭子梢属Campylotropis Bunge国产10种1变种的染色体数目，其小孢子染色体数目为n=11，体细胞染色体数目为2n=22。 在光果小雀花C．polyantha var．leiocarpa中发现有少数个体为2n=23的非整倍体。     

中国菊科菜蓟族植物研究(II)(续)

Since the 19th century many botanists have studied the Chinese Cirsium and a great number of taxa or names has been reported,  of which many still need to be reviewed critically         This work is a preliminaxy result of study on Chinese species of Cirsium.  As many as 65 taxan or names in the literature are reduced to synonym in this paper.  The Cir- sium in China so far known comprises 49 species,  of which 9 are described as new,  1 is a new combination and 4 are new records in Chinese flora.   These new species are: C. subulariforme Shih,  S. muliense Shih,  C. fanjingshanense Shih,  C. periacanthaceum Shih, C. racemiforme Ling et Shih,  C. vernonioides Shih,  C. chrysolepis Shih,  C. tenuifolium Shih and the new combination is C. viridifolium (Hand. -Mazz.) Shih. The new records in China are C. serratuloides (L.) Hill.,  C. incanum (S. G. Gmel.) Fisch. ex MB.,  C. la- natum (Roxb. ex Willd.) Spreng and C. alatum (S. G. Gmel) Bobr.       The Chinese Cirsium is divided into 8 sections in the present paper,  of which 3 are new,  namely,  Sect.  Isolepis Shih,  Sect. Tricholepis Shilh and Sect. Hymenolepis Shih, and I is a new combination,  namely,  Sect. Spanioptilon (Cass.) Shih.      In addition,  a new species of the genus Alfredia,  A. aspera Slih,  is described.     

国产苦荬菜类群的分类

 本文采用狭义概念，将苦荬菜类群(Ixeris group)处理为4个属，即苦荬菜属Ixeris Cass．沙苦荬属Chorisis DC．小苦荬属Ixeridium(A．Gray)Tzvel．及黄瓜菜属Paraixeris Nakai并提供了分属、种检索表。文中记载了3个新种及7个新组合种。     

黄精属八种植物的染色体研究

本文研究了四川黄精属Polygonatum 8个种的染色体数目和结构，玉竹n=10，   2n=20=4st十6sm十10m；  多花黄精2n=20＝6sm十14m；  点花黄精n=16,2n＝   32=2t十8st+2sm十20m；滇黄精n=13，2n=26=8st (2SAT)+14sm+4m；互卷黄   精2n=32=6st+8sm+18m (2SAT)；  湖北黄精n=15，  2n=30=2t+6st十6sm+   16m(2SAT)；黄精2n＝24=2t十14st(2SAT)+6sm十2m；卷叶黄精n=28，2n=56=   18st+10sm十28m。     黄精属植物染色体数目和结构的变异类型多样，8种黄精的核型可以区分为3种类型：2   B、3B、2C。核型不对称性的加强与染色体数目的递增有相关性。本文就染色体方面的资料对  前人关于该属分类群的亲缘关系的论述进行了讨论。     

三种贝母核型的比较研究

The present paper deals with a comparative karyotypic study of three species in Fri- tillaria-F. thuncergii Miq., F. anhuiensis S.  . Chen et S. F. Yin and F. hupehensis Hsiao et K. C. Hsia.  The karyotype of F. anhuiensis S. C. Chen et S. F. Yin is first reported.       The karyotypes of the three species of Fritillaria are rather similar, all with K(2n)=24= 2m+2sm+12t+4st+4m (SAT), showing a close interspecific relationship.  They all have two pairs of st chromosomes, one of which is the third chromosome in all the three species studied, but the other is the seventh in F. thunbergii Miq, the eighth in F. anhuiensis S. C. Chen et S. F. Yin, and the fifth in F. hupehensis Hsiao et K. C. Hsia.  It tells us that there are some differences in their karyotypes.  All of the three species possess two pairs of satellite chromosomes with the satellites located on the long arms. A heterochromatic zone is found sometimes on long arms of No. IX chromosome in each species of Fritillaria and on one of No. I chromosomes in both F. thun- bergii Miq. and F. anhuiensis S. C. Chen et S. F. Yin, a chromosome polymorphism occurring between populations of Fritillaria. In addition, three B chromosomes are always found in most root-tip cells of F. hupehensis Hsiao et K. C. Hsiao.     

窄瓣鹿药和麦冬核型报道

 本文对四川的窄瓣鹿药(Smilacina tatsienensis (Franch. )wang et Tang)和麦冬(Ophiopogon   japonicus(L. f.)Ker.－Gawl．)进行了核型分析和形态研究，它们的核型报道为第一次。麦冬的核型公   式为2n=2x＝36=18m(4ＳAT)+18sm，并在同株植物发现它的三倍体2n＝3x＝54(为第一次   报道)和四倍体2n＝4x＝72的体细胞，证明四川绵阳栽培的麦冬为混倍体植物。窄瓣鹿药的核型公  式为  2n=2x＝36＝16m十10sm十10st(2SAT)。     

女蒿属的分类研究

 The present paper is an attempt to propose a preliminary taxomomic treatment of the genus Hippolytia Poljak. and to analyse the geographical distribution of its com- posite elements.      This small genus with 17 species is divided  into  2  sections,  namely,  section Anthodesma Shih and section Hippolytia. Anthodesma is a small section with 3 species and is characterized by fascicled corymbs, campanulate and nitid involucres, rigidly herbaceous phyllaries, and undershrubs, while Hippolytia consisting of 14 species is characterized by corymbose inflorescence or glomerules or compund heads, cuneate and unpolished involucres, herbaceous phyllaries with pitch black margines.      There are 12 species of Hippolytia in China, of which 3 are proposed as new in the present paper.      Regarding the distribution pattern of Hippolytia, it is noteworthy to note that its range of distribution forms a more or less U-shape as shown in map 2. It may be seen that Hippolytia distributes in Central Asia-Sino-Himalaya-Median Asia. Section Antho- desma Shih occurs in central Asia, while section Hippolytia in the whole Himalayan region and northern Meridional Ranges and Median Asia.      There seems to be no center of species concentration within the total range of Hippolytia, whose species are localized in distribution, for example, H. desmantha Shih is known only from Qinghai provence (Yu-Shu-Hsien), H. alashanensis (Ling) Shih is restricted to Ninghsia and central part of Kansu provence.  It is interesting to note that H. yunnanensis (J. F. Jeffrey) Shih and H. longifolia (Wall.) Shih are referred to as vicarious species.  The localization of the  species  distribution  and  the  obvious discontinuity of morphological characters between species indicate a remarkable geogra- phical influence on the species formation of Hippolytia.       Hippolytia is an alpine genus of temperate zone of Asia, in which 64 per cent of species occurs at high elevations of above 3300m. altitude, 30 per cent of species are distributed in middle elevations of above 2200m. altitude.  The life forms are micro- undershrubs, erect perennial herbs, glomerule stemless herbs or stemless herbs. It is very possible that its geographical origin and development may be linked up with occurance of desert steppe, especially of alpine meadow vegetations in the northern temperate zone of Asia.      With regard to the geographical elements to which each species of Hippolytia belongs, it seems to indicate that H. trifida (Turcz.) Poljak., H. alashanensis (Ling) Shih and H. desmantha Shih belong to the geographical elements of central Asia, while H. yunnanensis (J. F. Jeffrey) Shih, H. glomerata Shih, H. tomentosa (DC.) Tzvel., H. senecionis (Bess.) Poljak. H. longifolia (Wall.) Shih, H. kennedayi (Dunn) Ling, H. syncalathiformis Shih, H. gossypina (Hook. f. et Thoms.) Shih and H. nana (C. B. Clarke) Shih to Himalayan elements, and H. darvasica (C. Winkl.) Poljak., H. megacephala (Rupr.) Poljak,, H. herderi (Rgl. et Schmalh.) Poljak. to Median Asia, H. delavayi (W. W. Smith) Shih to North-West-Yunna.       

菊科莴苣属订正及亚洲大陆菊科植物二新属(续）

Having mixed extremely various  patterns of achenes  for a  long time in the genus Lactuca L., especially showed in the classification of it on the mainland of Asia, Lactuca  L.,  the  primary  unnatural genus,  becomes more nuclear in its limit.   The present paper makes a revision to attempt providing a clear cline between Lactuca L. and its relative genera.      On my opinion, only plants, represented by Lactuca sativa L., which have ovoid capitu- lum during its fruiting, numerous (7-25), yellow ligular florets and longitudinal 1-10 ribs or striae on each side of achenes, acute into filiform beak at its apex, should be defined as Lactuca L.      In view of the present concept of Lactuca L.,   another group of plants, embodied by Lactuca indica L., having its broadening, thin winged-margin of, 1-3 striae on each side of achenes,  black, dorsi-ventral compressed, acute into thick and short beak at its apex, evident- ly, should not be placed into Lactuca L., but be regarded as genus, i.e. Pterocypsela Shih, gen. nov. Pterocypsela Shih distributes in Eastern and southern Asia, where Lactuca L. does   not occur.  In China there is all of species, seven species, of Pterocypsela Shih.  They are P.   raddeana (Maxim.) Shih, P. indica (L.) Shih, P. elata (Hemsl.) Shih P. lacciniata (Houtt.)   Shih, P. triangulata (Maxim.) Shih, P. sonchus (Lévl.)  Shih and P. formosana  (Maxim.)   Shih, But in Mediterranean regions and Middle and Western Asia mainly distributes Lactu-   ca L., in which there are only seven species from western China, Xijiang autonomic district.   They are L. dolichophylla Kitam., L. sativa L., L. altaica Fisch. et Mey., L. serriola Torner,   L. dissecta Don, L. auriculata DC. and L. undulata Ledb.          With the combination of violet-purple ligular florets  non-ovoid  capitulum  during  its   fruiting, a little thick achenes, acuminate into longer. or short beak at its apex and 4-6 ribs   on each side of it, Mulgedium tataricum (L.) DC. is evidently different from Lactuca sativa L.   with combination of ovoid capitulum during its fruiting, yellow ligular florets and compres-  sed achenes, acute into filiform beak at its apex.  There seems to be no point in refusing Mu-  lgedium Cass. as a genus.  Strictly speak, Mulgedium Cass. seems to be reminiscent of Para-  prenanthes Chang (see bellow) without beak at the apex of its achenes.  In Hengduan moun-  tains and mountain range of Himalayas M. tataricum  (L.)  DC. discoveries its relative par-  tners. They are M. bracteatum (Mook. f. ex. C. B. Clarke) Shih, M. lessertianum (Wall. ex  C. B. Clarke) DC., M. monocephalum (Chang) Shih, M. umbrosum (Dunn) Shih, M. meridi-  onale Shih and M. polypodifolium (Franch.) Shih.         Having broadering and thickening margin and 4-7 striae on each side of achenes, grey,  dorsi-ventral compressed, truncate and beakless at its apex, Lactuca sibirica (L.) Benth. ex  Maxim.  (Sonchus sibiricus L.) is not only different from Lactuca sativa L. with the combi-  nation of yellow ligular florets and filiform beak at apex of its achenes, but also from the  genus Mulgedium Cass. with beak at apex of its achenes.  Therefore, Lagedium Sojak, establi-  shed by J. Sojak (1961), should be restored.  It should be point out that Lagedium Sojak is  monotypic genus excluding Mulgedium tataricum (L.) DC. with beak at the apex of its ache-  nes, non-marginated.   Lagedium Sojak widely distributes  in temperate  and  frigid  zone  of  northern hemisphere.  In our country, Lagedium sibiricum (L.) Sojak, sole species of the ge- nus, restricts its northeast region.        Paraprenanthes Chang, the new genus, established by Ch. Ch. Chang (1950) based on La- ctuca sororia Miq. and Lactuca yunnanensis Franch.  seems to be a distinct genus.  This ge- nus is characterized by 4-6 ribs on each side of achenes, black, fusiform, a little thick and beakless at its apex.  Besides above-mentioned two species, assigned by Chang, in forest of tro- pic and subtropic zones on the mainland of Asia there are many species with same structure in achenes like L. sororia Miq. and L. yunnanensis Franch.  The genus Paraprenanthes Chang seems to be reminiscants of Mulgedium Cass. and Lagedium Sojak, but differs from the former in its beakless achenes, from the later in its non-marginated  achenes  and 4-6 ribs on  each side of it.  In our country, there are all species of the genus known in the tropic and sub- tropic zones on the mainland of Asia.  They are P. sororia (Miq.) Shih, P. yunnanensis (Fra- nch.) Shih, P. longiloba Ling et Shih, sp. nov., P. heptontha Shih et D. J. Liou, sp. nov., P. prenanthoides (Hemsl.) Shih, P. pilipes (Migo) Shih, P. thirionii (Lévl.) Shih, P. sylvicola Shih., sp. nov., P. multiformis Shih, sp. nov., P. auriculiformis Shih, sp. nov. and P. sagitti- formis Shih, sp. nov.