半夏属的染色体数目、倍性与珠芽发生的关系

本文通过对半夏属Pinellia 5个种10个群体的染色体计数和珠芽数量统计,首次报道了5个染色体数目,同时发现珠芽的发生与染色体基数及多倍化程度有关：x=13的类群无珠芽,而x=9的有珠芽;在有珠芽的半夏P．ternata(Thunb．)Breit．中,平均每叶珠芽数随倍性的提高而增大。半夏是一个多倍体复合种,起源于无珠芽、染色体基数为x=7～9的二倍体祖先,可能是在该属的早期进化中由鹞落坪半夏P.yaoluopingensis X．H．Guo et X．L.Liu的x=13经非整倍性跌落而成,在发生上比鹞落坪半夏进化。     

星果草属、独叶草属、鸡爪草属的染色体观察和系统位置的探讨

1.  The present paper describes the observations of chromosome  numbers  andkaryomorphology of 2 species of 2 endemic genera and I endemic species of ChineseRanunculaceae: Asteropyrum peltatum (Franch.)  Drumm et Hutch. 2n=16, x=8;Kingdonia unifolia Balf. f. et W. W. Sm. 2n=18, x=9 and Calathodes oxycarpa Spra-gue 2n=16, x=8.  The chromosome counts of three ranunculaceous genera are repor-ted for the first time.      2.  The morphylogical, palynological and cytological date in relation to the syste-matic postition of Asteropyrum, Kingdonia and Calathodes within the family Ranun-culaceae are diseussed and resulted in following conclusions:      (1).  On the basis of the basic number x=8 in Asteropyrum, it is further con-firmed that this genus is distinct from the r elated genera such as Isopyrum, Dichocarp-um and other allied taxa.      The comparison of Asteropyrum with Coptis shows that they are identical in shortchromosomes, with magnoflorina and benzylisaquinodine type of alkaloides, but dif-ferent from coptis in the chromosome numbers (T-type), pantocolpate pollens, unitedcarpels and the dorsi-ventral type of petioles.  In view of these fundamental morpho-logical and cytological differences, Asterop yrum is better raised to the level of Tribe.However Asteropyrum and Coptis may represent two divaricate evolutional lines ofThalictroideae.      (2).  The systematic position of the genus Kingdonia has been much disputed inthe past.  We support the view of Sinnote (1914), namely, the trilacunar in leaftraces “the ancient type”, appeared in the angiosperm line very early, while the uni-lacunar of Kingdonia may be derived from the trilacunar.  On the basis of the chromo-some numbers and morphylogical observation, the present writer accept Tamura’s andWang’s treatment by keeping Kingdonia in Ranunculaceae instead of raising it to afamily rank as has been been done by Forster  (1961).  Kingdonia and  Coptis aresimilar in having short chromosome with x=9, but with one-seeded fruits; therefore itis suggested that placed into Thalictroideae as an independent tribe, indicating its closerelationship with Coptideae.       (3).  Comparing with its allies, Calathodes being with out petals, seems to be more primitive than Trollius. But Calathodes differs from Trollius with R-type chromosomes in having T-type chromosome with x=8 and subterminal centromere.  Those charac-teristics show that it is very similar to the related genera of Thalictroideae.  But asKurita already pointed out that most speci es of Ranunculus have usually large longchromosomes but some species have compar ativelly short chromosomes, therefore weregard T-type and R-type chromosomes appear independently in different subfamiliesof Ranunculaceae. According to Tamura, G alathodes seems to be  closely related  toMegaleranthis, because of the resemblance in follicles.  But due to lack of cytologicaldata of the latter genus, the relationship between the two genera still is not clear pen-ding further studies. From the fact that the  morphology and  chromosomes  of  theCalathodes differs from that of all other genera of the Helleboroideae, we considerCalathodes may form an independent tribe of its own with a closer relationship withTrollieae.     

从生物语言学角度探讨语言与大脑、思维间的关系

生物语言学是融合了生物学和语言学的学科。通过了解生物语言学广义和狭义的定义以及语言和思维的定义后,从生物学角度出发探讨了语言的生物性、语言和思维、大脑之间的关系。