Longitudinal comparisons of wechsler scales in educable mentally handicapped children and adults

The change in IQ scores over an extended period of time (approximately 17 years) of subjects who had been placed in classes for the Educable Mentally Handicapped was investigated. Analysis indicated that a significant difference existed between WISC scores administered at the time of initial placement (mean age, 11–9) and WAIS scores administered at a later date (mean age, 17–6). In addition, although a difference was revealed with respect to WAIS scores when the students were divided into two groups based upon initial WISC scores (⩽70 vs. >70), it was determined that the change was in a uniform fashion over time; i.e., neither regression nor interaction effects were detected. A final analysis revealed that those students who were located for a follow-up testing approximately 10 years later (mean age 28–8) continued to show a significant increase in IQ scores. The importance placed upon IQ scores for initial placement of students in EMH programs appears to remain suspect.     

“新历史主义”视角下的童谣《胡巴德大妈与狗》

本文从新历史主义理论的视角出发,分析英国十六世纪亨利八世统治时期广为流传的一首童谣《胡巴德大妈与小狗》中影射的历史事件与相关人物,通过对比相关史料和传记,找出文学创作和历史叙述之间的联系与差异,从中发现看似荒诞不经的童谣,其中隐含的信息比历史记载更能真实的反映现实,是对都铎时期政治斗争的曲折而真实的折射,体现了无权无势的大众话语对权力话语的颠覆和解构。     

Collaborative skill instruction for promoting positive interactions between mentally handicapped and nonhandicapped children

Structuring cooperative learning activities has been shown to be an effective technique for integrating handicapped and nonhandicapped students. Previous research in this area has focused on the relative effects of cooperative versus competitive and individualistic learning situations upon peer relations and academic achievement. Few investigations have examined the various elements within the cooperative learning model that appear to promote positive peer interactions among handicapped and nonhandicapped students. The present study evaluated the influence of collaborative skill instruction versus no collaborative skill instruction on the social interaction behaviors of moderately/severely handicapped and nonhandicapped students participating in group science activities. These data reveal that students receiving collaborative skill instruction interacted more positively with one another than those who did not receive the instruction.     

儿童及成年人习得第二语言的优势探讨

儿童和成年人习得第二语言的优势各不相同。总的说来，在良好的课堂学习环境中，成年人比儿童占优势。对儿童及成年人习得第二语言的优势及特点的认识、研究对第二语言教学及学习都有指导意义。     

身势语研究与语言习得

身势语研究历史悠久，作为重要的交际手段，身势语具有五种基本功能，即：说明功能、辅助功能调节功能、标志功能及替代功能。身势语在儿童母语习得过程中也起着重要作用。     

Educational services for mentally handicapped children in Northern Ireland: A survey of provision

Abstract

Until April 1987 mentally handicapped children were legally excluded from education in Northern Ireland. Provision was made instead in special care schools administered by social services authorities. This contrasts with the position in the rest of the UK where all children have been educated in schools administered by education authorities since the early 1970s. A survey was conducted to investigate aspects of provision in special care schools. Comparative samples of special schools for children with mental handicap in England, and special schools for other categories of children with special needs in Northern Ireland were also surveyed.

Results show that the special care school pupils were disadvantaged often seriously, compared with the other samples. Staffing ratios were inferior in most respects of provision. Other resources were often criticized by head teachers as inadequate. The special care school transport system was also shown to be seriously deficient, causing the length of the school day to be reduced for a very large proportion of pupils. The inadequacies identified impinged particularly on severely and profoundly handicapped pupils, despite earlier Government arguments that the interests of this group could be damaged in a transfer to education.

Nearly one fifth of the special care school population were aged 19 and over, and nearly one third of the profoundly handicapped pupils were 19 or over. In many cases adults and children shared the same facilities.

These results are compared and contrasted with Government documents which claimed parity of provision in special care schools and special schools in England, and which adopted a stated policy of normalization in the development of services for the mentally handicapped.     

Satisfied conclusion validity of early intervention research with handicapped children

The statistical conclusion validity of early intervention research studies was examined by conducting a post hoc power analysis of 484 statistical tests from 49 early intervention articles. Statistical power determinations were made based on Cohen's (1977) criteria for small, medium, and large effect sizes. The analysis revealed that the median power to detect small, medium, and large effect sizes ranged from .08 to .46. Four percent of early intervention studies had adequate power (.80 or greater) to detect medium intervention effects and 18% to detect large intervention effects. The power values suggest poor statistical conclusion validity in the analyzed research and should alert investigators to the possibility of Type II experimental errors in the early intervention research literature. The argument is made that low statistical conclusion validity has practical consequences in relation to program evaluation and cost-effectiveness determinations.     

语言习得规律与语言教学

语言习得理论对外语教学有着重要意义，运用语言习得规律调动学习者的主观能动性，激发释放学生头脑的巨大潜能，从而学好外语，达到事半功倍的教学效果。