心理学专业学习者创伤共情的ERP探析

为了探索心理学专业学习者创伤共情的特征,采用事件相关电位技术(ERP),以创伤和非创伤图片作为实验材料,让心理学专业被试和普通被试做图片性质判断任务。结果发现:心理学专业被试在观看创伤和非创伤图片时ERP波形差异显著,在观看创伤图片时,N110的潜伏期更短、P2的潜伏期更长,P2的波幅更高、P300的波幅更低,与普通被试相比,心理学专业被试受创伤事件的影响更小;在观看非创伤图片时,二者没有显著差异。实验说明心理学专业学习者不容易受消极图片的影响,有更好的应对创伤事件的能力。     

自制P300/CNV刺激器与诱发电位仪配套建立正常人P300/CNV数据库

测试自行研制的P300/CNV事件相关电位刺激器与普通诱发电位仪(Neuropack 2 MEB-7102K,日本光电公司)配套系统的性能,建立本实验室不同年龄、性别正常人P300、CNV数据库。通过70例正常人P300、CNV检测,分析潜伏期、波幅、反应时和波形。实验结果显示,P300潜伏期随年龄增长而延长,50~55龄段延长更明显,各年龄段间方差分析具有统计学意义(P<0.001)。年龄与P300潜伏期Pearson相关系数为r=0.399(P=0.001),回归系数为1.367(P=0.001)。不同年龄段CNV的指令后负变(PINV)时程和反应时均有显著统计意义(P=0.031;0.048)。结果显示,P300潜伏期、CNV的PINV时程和反应时均随着年龄增长而延长;女性P300、CNV波幅均高于男性;同一受试者前后测得波形具有较好的重复性;部分患者波形变异明显;自制的P300/CNV刺激器与普通诱发电位仪配套使用性能稳定,重复性好,测试结果与有关报道基本相符。     

P300/CNV事件相关电位刺激器的研制与应用

通过研制一种特殊的刺激器,使不具备事件相关电位P300、CNV(关联性负变)检测功能的普通诱发电位仪实现P300、CNV的检测。自主设计P300/CNV刺激器的研制方案、电路和程序等,通过调试修正,完成刺激器开发。P300/CNV事件相关电位刺激器达到设计要求,能记录出较为理想的P300和CNV波形。成功研制出P300/CNV刺激器,此刺激器有一定通用性,可与诱发电位仪或生物信号处理系统配合使用;建立了适用于此刺激器的P300、CNV检测方法。此刺激器有一定实用性,可节约实验经费。目前市面上未见有类似产品,此刺激器已获中华人民共和国实用新型专利(ZL专利号:200420081185.5)。     

孤独症谱系障碍个体听觉事件相关电位的研究进展及启示

事件相关电位是研究孤独症谱系障碍个体认知加工过程重要的电生理手段，其中关于孤独症谱系障碍者听觉事件相关电位方面的研究逐年增多，主要研究成分包括N100、P1-N1-P2复合波、失匹配负波(MMN)、P300、N400。研究发现，孤独症谱系障碍个体的听觉加工能力不同程度受损，一些结果尚缺乏一致性，未来需进一步完善孤独症谱系障碍个体听觉事件相关电位研究，为孤独症谱系障碍个体的早期诊断和干预提供生物技术支持。     

情绪场景性图片与ERP研究

概述了近几年情绪场景性图片的研究结果,这些研究都采用具有高分辨率的事件相关电位研究方法.情绪刺激因素主要影响ERP成分的波幅,而峰值潜伏期变化却不大.纵观最近的研究成果,情绪场景性图片的唤醒度效应一般出现在晚期成分,而效价效应的潜伏期范围因实验条件等因素的不同而变化.一些情绪ERP调节随记录方法、刺激因素、相关任务以及情绪状态而发生变化.     

韵律加工的研究方法

行为实验方法与即时加工实验方法,为韵律特征的加工过程和认知机制的深入研究提供了工具.在韵律特征研究中,行为实验常用的范式主要有单词探测任务、大声朗读任务、合作交流任务;即时加工研究方法有眼动记录法、事件相关电位法、正电子断层扫描技术及功能核磁共振技术.由于每种研究方法都有自身的优势与局限性,近年来出现了不同方法走向整合的趋势.     

韵律加工的事件相关电位研究

韵律特征对语法建构的影响是心理语言学和认知神经科学的重要研究内容。韵律信息不仅可以帮助口语理解,而且文本阅读时也要借助韵律特征。为了揭示韵律加工的时间进程和脑机制,研究者使用事件相关电位(ERP)技术取得了一些重要的研究成果。首先,总结了韵律特征和语法结构相互作用过程中可能出现的六个ERP成分:右前负波(RAN)、早期负波(EN)、失配性负波(MMN)、中止正移波(CPS)、P600和P800。其次,针对目前研究韵律加工的特异性成分的不一致、实验任务不符合正常阅读习惯的缺陷、缺乏系统整合性分析这三个问题与争论进行了讨论。最后提出,只有充分考虑包括测试点、被试完成的任务等因素的影响,才能促进语言脑机制研究的进展。     

网络化学习中学习者认知负荷的评估方法

本研究通过设计模拟的网络化学习实验,探讨网络化学习过程中认知负荷的评估方法.结果显示,心理努力、任务主观难度、注视时间、注视次数、主任务反应时、主任务正确率等评估指标对认知负荷变化敏感;采用多维综合评估模型对认知负荷进行测量总体上比采用单一评估指标的测量更为有效.研究表明,BP网络和自组织神经网络两种神经网络模型对认知负荷的测量结果优于传统的因素分析方法.     

呼吸相位事件相关电位的研究

为了弄清呼吸各相位与听觉和视觉P300波幅、潜伏期之间的关系,可采用oddball范式进行相关研究。结果发现呼吸相位与P300波幅和潜伏期关系密切,不同的呼吸相位所分配的注意资源有所不同。     

掩蔽启动范式下汉字字音和字义激活的时间进程——来自ERP证据

采用掩蔽启动范式,通过记录14名被试在字义判断任务中行为反应和事件相关电位（ERPs）,探究汉字的字音和字义激活的时间进程。结果发现：（1）高频字在反应时比低频字要快;（2）高频字音相关字和字义相关字所诱发的P200波幅比无关控制字大;（3）无论高频字还是低频字,字音相关字和字义相关字所诱发的N400波幅都比无关控制字小。结果表明：在汉字识别中,字频会影响汉字的字音和字义的激活,即高频字音信息不迟于字义信息的激活,低频字音信息和字义信息是同时被激活;相比而言,高频字音信息要早于低频字激活。     

工作记忆的ERP研究

随着实验技术的创新,ERP技术近年已被广泛用于工作记忆研究。工作记忆的典型ERP效应包括P300、N400、CNV及其他皮层慢电位的波幅和潜伏期变化模式。ERP指标的应用极大地促进了对视觉工作记忆、言语工作记忆和中央执行系统心理和生理机制的研究。ERP研究技术和方法的进一步改进和完善将能更充分发挥其在工作记忆研究中的价值。     

Developmental changes in item and source memory: evidence from an ERP recognition memory study with children, adolescents, and adults

Event-related potential (ERP) correlates of item and source memory were assessed in 18 children (7-8 years), 20 adolescents (13-14 years), and 20 adults (20-29 years) performing a continuous recognition memory task with object and nonobject stimuli. Memory performance increased with age and was particularly low for source memory in children. The ERP difference between first presentations of objects and nonobjects, reflecting generic novelty processing, showed only small developmental changes. Regarding item memory, adults showed the putative ERP correlates of familiarity and recollection, whereas ERP effects in children and adolescents suggested a strong reliance on recollection. ERP correlates of source memory refined with age, suggesting maturation of strategic recollection between childhood and adolescence and the development of postretrieval control until adulthood.     

Brain Activity During Performance of Naming Tasks: Comparison Between Dyslexic and Regular Readers

This research was aimed at contributing to the current understanding of the underlying factors of naming speed and the causes of naming speed deficits. Forty regular readers and 40 dyslexic university students participated in the study. Electrophysiological (Event-Related Potentials [ERPs]) and behavioral measures were employed. Behavioral baseline tasks assessed general ability, reading skills, reading-related cognitive abilities, and standard Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) and Rapid Alternating Stimulus tests. ERP tasks included letter and object naming tasks adapted for electrophysiological research presentation. The dyslexics were significantly slower and less accurate than the controls on most of the baseline measures. On all the naming tasks, the peak ERP latencies were elicited later, reaction times were longer, and the P300 latency width was wider among the dyslexics as compared to the regular readers. On the choice reaction time naming tasks, accuracy for both groups was almost perfect. When naming presentation time was controlled by the experiment, the dyslexics were significantly less accurate than the controls. Our data indicated that effective naming speed was related to an earlier P200 latency peak among regular readers and to an earlier P300 latency peak and narrower area component activation in the dyslexic group. The results from this study suggest that effective RAN speed among regular readers might be a result of efficient processing of RAN information at the input stage of stimulis perception and evaluation as well as of updating and processing the information in short-term memory among dyslexics.     

Citric acid reduces the decline in P300 amplitude induced by acute alcohol consumption in healthy adults

Event-related potential (ERP) is a reliable neuroelectric measure of brain activity that helps to confirm the assessment of mental status and cognitive impairment. Many studies have reported that alcoholics show a significantly lower ERP P300 amplitude than the norm. In the present study, ERP P300 waves were measured to evaluate the effect of citric acid on cognitive function during excessive alcohol consumption in healthy adults. Five volunteers were selected through clinical interview, physical examination, and psychiatric assessment for participation in this study. In a double-blind placebo-controlled before-after design, each subject was treated with 5 ml/kg body weight alcohol, 5 ml/kg body weight alcohol and 1 mg citric acid, or a placebo on three separate occasions, one week apart. ERP P300, blood biochemical indicators, blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) and acetaldehyde concentrations were assessed. Repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a within-subjects factor was used to evaluate differences in blood biochemical indicators, BACs, blood acetaldehyde concentrations, and ERP P300 in the three sessions of assessments. Several blood biochemical indicators showed significant differences between treatments, including the levels of cholinesterase (CHE), total bile acid (TBA), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and glycylproline dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (GPDA). BACs after consumption of alcohol alone or citric acid with alcohol were significantly higher compared to those after placebo treatment (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in blood acetaldehyde concentrations between the treatments. The P300 amplitudes on the frontal (Fz), central (Cz), and parietal (Pz) regions of the scalp after consumption of alcohol were significantly lower than those after consumption of the placebo or citric acid with alcohol (P<0.05), while there were no significant differences between the latter two treatments. The results of this study suggest that citric acid could reduce the decline in ERP P300 amplitude and cognitive ability induced by acute alcohol consumption. It may also affect some blood biochemical indicators, but the specific mechanisms need further research.     

The Role of Motor Competences in Predicting Working Memory Maintenance and Preparatory Processing

The purpose of the study was the examination of the longitudinal association between motor competences and changes in preparatory processing during a task requiring working memory maintenance. At baseline, 52 Caucasian children aged 10–12 years completed the MOBAK-5 test battery and a Sternberg task, whereas the cue-P300 and the initial contingent negative variation (iCNV) were recorded via electroencephalography. After 9 months, the Sternberg task was administered again to assess changes in these neurophysiological indices and behavioral performance. Path analyses revealed that motor competences predicted the change in cue-P300 and iCNV from baseline to follow-up. The present findings indicate that the cognitive control strategy during a task demanding working memory maintenance changes as a function of children's baseline motor competences.     

认知神经科学领域的自尊研究

认知神经科学是在综合心理学、神经学、社会学等学科基础上发展起来的一门交叉型学科。近年来认知神经科学领域的自尊研究是在自我评价神经机制研究的基础上对自尊的神经机制展开研究和探索的。核磁共振技术(FMRI)研究的证据表明:自我评价的神经表征主要涉及脑区中的内侧前额叶及周边区域,认知评价和情感效价分别对应于大脑中不同的脑区。事件相关电位技术(ERP)的研究结果表明:自我评价能够诱发更大的P300成分,并且自尊对记忆和注意都会产生认知加工偏向。目前自尊的认知神经科学研究还存在研究方向较为单一、与临床应用联系不紧密等问题。     

Executive function skills of 6–8 year olds: Brain and behavioral evidence and implications for school achievement

Academic and social success in school has been linked to children’s self-regulation. This study investigated the assessment of the executive function (EF) component of self-regulation using a low-cost, easily administered measure to determine whether scores obtained from the behavioral task would agree with those obtained using a laboratory-based neuropsychological measure of EF skills. The sample included 74 children (37 females; M = 86.2 months) who participated in two assessments of working memory and inhibitory control: Knock–Tap (NEPSY: Korkman, Kirk, & Kemp, 1998), and participated in event-related potential (ERP) testing that included the directional stroop test ( DST, Davidson, Cruess, Diamond, O’Craven, and Savoy (1999)). Three main findings emerged. First, children grouped as high vs. low performing on the NEPSY Knock–Tap Task were found to perform differently on the more difficult conditions of the DST (the Incongruent and Mixed Conditions), suggesting that the Knock–Tap Task as a low-cost and easy to administer assessment of EF skills may be one way for teachers to identify students with poor inhibitory control skills. Second, children’s performance on the DST was strongly related to their ERP responses, adding to evidence that differences in behavioral performance on the DST as a measure of EF skills reflect corresponding differences in brain processing. Finally, differences in brain processing on the DST task also were found when the children were grouped based on Knock–Tap performance. Simple screening procedures can enable teachers to identify children whose distractibility, inattentiveness, or poor attention spans may interfere with classroom learning.     

Children’s use of number line estimation strategies

This study tested whether second graders use benchmark-based strategies when solving a number line estimation (NLE) task. Participants were assigned to one of three conditions based on the availability of benchmarks provided on the number line. In the bounded condition, number lines were only bounded at both sides by 0 and 200, while the midpoint condition included an additional benchmark at the midpoint and children in the quartile condition were provided with a benchmark at every quartile. First, the inclusion of a midpoint resulted in more accurate estimates around the middle of the number line in the midpoint condition compared to the bounded and, surprisingly, also the quartile condition. Furthermore, the two additional benchmarks in the quartile condition did not yield better estimations around the first and third quartile, because children frequently relied on an erroneous representation of these benchmarks, leading to systematic estimation errors. Second, verbal strategy reports revealed that children in the midpoint condition relied more frequently on the benchmark at the midpoint of the number line compared to the bounded condition, confirming the accuracy data. Finally, the frequency of use of benchmark-based strategies correlated positively with mathematics achievement and tended to correlate positively also with estimation accuracy. In sum, this study is one of the first to provide systematic evidence for children’s use of benchmark-based estimation strategies in NLE with natural numbers and its relationship with children’s NLE performance.     

Role of Mimeticism and Spatiality in Textual Recall

Four experiments were conducted to investigate the role of map spatiality and icon mimeticism in facilitating text recall. A secondary goal was to explore an assumption of the conjoint retention hypothesis, that the visuospatial component of working memory is involved in retrieving map information. We manipulated display conditions to evaluate the separate and combined effects of map spatiality and icon mimeticism on text recall. We also utilized a concurrent task paradigm to assess both the recognition of spatial displays and the recall of map feature information. The results of all four experiments point to the mimeticism of icons as the key attribute of maps for facilitating recall, rather than the spatial layout of the map when visual displays and text are presented simultaneously during encoding. We also found no evidence indicating that maps are processed in a more spatial manner than are lists. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

浅谈ERP的评估

如何评估ERP众说纷纭,任何评估是建立在目标的基础上的,有了明确的ERP实施目的,才能为以后的评估打下坚实的基础.ERP是一个复杂的工程,评估方向应从多方面来考虑,系统评估指标的建立应具有系统性、可比性和可操作性.