Individual differences in spatial text processing: High spatial ability can compensate for spatial working memory interference

The present study investigates the relation between spatial ability and visuo-spatial and verbal working memory in spatial text processing. In two experiments, participants listened to a spatial text (Experiments 1 and 2) and a non-spatial text (Experiment 1), at the same time performing a spatial or a verbal concurrent task, or no secondary task. To understand how individuals who differ in spatial ability process spatial text during dual task performance, spatial individual differences were analyzed. The tasks administered were the Vandenberg and Kuse [Vandenberg, S. G., & Kuse, A. R. (1978). Mental rotation, a group test of three-dimensional spatial visualization. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 47, 599-604.] mental rotation test (MRT) and a reading comprehension task (RCT). Individuals with high (HMR) and low (LMR) mental rotation differed in MRT scores but had similar RCT performance. Results showed that the HMR group, in contrast with LMR counterparts, preserved good spatial text recall even when a spatial concurrent task was performed; however, Experiment 2 revealed a modification of spatial concurrent task performance in LMR as well in HMR group. Overall, results suggest that HMR individuals have more spatial resources than LMR individuals, allowing them to compensate for spatial working memory interference, but only to a limited extent, given that the processing of spatial information is still mediated by VSWM.     

儿童视空间表象能力发展研究综述

儿童的视空间表象能力是儿童空间能力和认知发展的重要指标。文章在对表象实质进行明确界定的基础上,就目前已有关于儿童视空间表象能力发生、发展的一般趋势、心理旋转能力的发展以及视空间表象能力的影响因素等方面的研究进行了综述,以此为进一步研究儿童视空间表象能力提供借鉴。     

3～6岁儿童心理旋转能力的发展研究

儿童心理旋转能力的发展特征研究对于早期教育来说具有重要的价值和意义。采用不同的刺激材料考察儿童心理旋转能力的研究结果表明,3～4岁儿童不具有心理旋转能力,4～5岁儿童开始形成心理旋转能力,大部分5～6岁儿童已具有对图形的旋转能力。4～6岁儿童的旋转能力存在性别差异,但未达到显著性水平。在不同的刺激材料上得分存在显著性差异。因此,我们应根据儿童的发展特点来设置课程,在游戏和生活中培养儿童的空间知觉能力,提倡个性化教育。     

开放教育质量评价的调查研究——以厦门广播电视大学为例

通过调查发现社会用人单位和毕业生对电大开放教育人才培养模式和培养质量是认可的。但仍存在毕业生专业知识、创新能力的欠缺等问题,且成为电大毕业生事业发展的最大障碍。     

Different perspectives: Spatial ability influences where individuals look on a timed spatial test

Learning in anatomy can be both spatially and visually complex. Pedagogical investigations have begun exploration as to how spatial ability may mitigate learning. Emerging hypotheses suggests individuals with higher spatial reasoning may attend to images differently than those who are lacking. To elucidate attentional patterns associated with different spatial ability, eye movements were measured in individuals completing a timed electronic mental rotation test (EMRT). The EMRT was based on the line drawings of Shepherd and Metzler. Individuals deduced whether image pairs were rotations (same) or mirror images (different). It was hypothesized that individuals with high spatial ability (HSA) would demonstrate shorter average fixation durations during problem solving and attend to different features of the EMRT than low spatial ability (LSA) counterparts. Moreover, question response accuracy would be associated with fewer fixations and shorter average response times, regardless of spatial reasoning ability. Average fixation duration in the HSA group was shorter than LSA (F(1,8) = 7.99; P = 0.022). Importantly, HSA and LSA individuals looked to different regions of the EMRT images (Fisher Exact Test: 12.47; P = 0.018); attending to the same locations only 34% of the time. Correctly answered questions were characterized by fewer fixations per question (F(1, 8) = 18.12; P = 0.003) and shorter average response times (F(1, 8) = 23.89; P = 0.001). The results indicate that spatial ability may influence visual attention to salient areas of images and this may be key to problem solving processes for low spatial individuals. Anat Sci Educ 10: 224–234. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.     

就业导向下高职商务英语人才职业能力培养研究

高职院校以社会需求为目标、以就业为导向的办学定位,决定了其人才培养模式是能力本位的形态。高职商务英语专业要满足社会对应用人才的要求,就要研究该专业的特点,分析商务英语人才职业能力的构成,找出培养其职业能力的方法与途径。     

基于“职业能力本位”的人才培养模式探析

文章在分析我国当前高职教育人才培养现状的前提下,提出了建立基于\"职业能力本位\"的人才培养模式,以改善企业用人与学校育人脱节的现象,并结合湖南三一工业职业技术学院实际情况,利用企业办学的优势,从人才培养方案、课程体系设置、师资队伍建设和实践体系建设等几个方面着手改革与探索,分析了基于\"职业能力本位\"人才培养模式的可行性。     

Does spatial ability help the learning of anatomy in a biomedical science course?

A three‐dimensional appreciation of the human body is the cornerstone of clinical anatomy. Spatial ability has previously been found to be associated with students' ability to learn anatomy and their examination performance. The teaching of anatomy has been the subject of major change over the last two decades with the reduction in time spent on dissection and greater use of web‐based and computer‐based resources. In this study, we examine whether the relationship between spatial ability and performance in anatomy examinations is sustained in a contemporary curriculum. A comparison of students' performance in a series of tests of spatial ability to their anatomy examination scores in biomedical sciences course exhibited only weak association (r = 0.145 and P = 0.106). This has implications for the use of spatial ability as a predictor of success in introductory subjects in the teaching of anatomy. Anat Sci Educ 7: 289–294. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.     

高职文秘专业考试制度初探

进行以\"实践能力测试\"为核心的考试制度改革就是要摒弃以往传统的考试制度,侧重对学生的实践能力考察,并引导学生重视知识运用能力、分析和解决问题能力、自我评价和评价他人能力及心理素质、协作精神、职业道德等。这种理念主要是培养出适应现代需要的,具有更强实践能力、创新能力和创业精神的现代化文秘人才。     

Time limits in testing: An analysis of eye movements and visual attention in spatial problem solving

Individuals with an aptitude for interpreting spatial information (high mental rotation ability: HMRA) typically master anatomy with more ease, and more quickly, than those with low mental rotation ability (LMRA). This article explores how visual attention differs with time limits on spatial reasoning tests. Participants were assorted to two groups based on their mental rotation ability scores and their eye movements were collected during these tests. Analysis of salience during testing revealed similarities between MRA groups in untimed conditions but significant differences between the groups in the timed one. Question‐by‐question analyses demonstrate that HMRA individuals were more consistent across the two timing conditions (κ = 0.25), than the LMRA (κ = 0.013). It is clear that the groups respond to time limits differently and their apprehension of images during spatial problem solving differs significantly. Without time restrictions, salience analysis suggests LMRA individuals attended to similar aspects of the images as HMRA and their test scores rose concomitantly. Under timed conditions however, LMRA diverge from HMRA attention patterns, adopting inflexible approaches to visual search and attaining lower test scores. With this in mind, anatomical educators may wish to revisit some evaluations and teaching approaches in their own practice. Although examinations need to evaluate understanding of anatomical relationships, the addition of time limits may induce an unforeseen interaction of spatial reasoning and anatomical knowledge. Anat Sci Educ 10: 528–537. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.