发展性计算障碍的类型及成因研究进展

发展性计算障碍是一种阻碍儿童算术能力获得的特殊学习障碍。它有多种不同的类型，目前主要有3种分类标准。发展性计算障碍类型的多样性主要在于其成因的复杂性。文章从遗传、脑机制、个体认知因素及环境与教育因素4个方面，系统地总结了发展性计算障碍的成因，最后指出现有研究存在的问题以及今后研究的重点。     

国外发展性计算障碍儿童大脑神经机制的研究进展

有关发展性计算障碍儿童大脑神经机制的研究是近些年才逐渐发展起来的.研究发现,发展性计算障碍与脑结构功能失调有关,主要表现在顶叶和额叶上.但从整体上看,发展性计算障碍儿童加工过程中的神经机制和正常儿童是类似的,只是皮层的激活程度要弱一些;为了弥补加工困难,有些皮层会表现出补偿性机制,如角回、前扣带皮层等;一些皮层的作用还...     

发展性计算障碍的诊断与矫治

发展性计算障碍的发生率大约为 5 % - 6% ,有些国家甚至更高。患有发展性计算障碍的儿童在学习、生活和以后的工作中都会遇到很多的困难 ,关于发展性计算障碍的研究应该引起人们的重视。本文从诊断、矫治两个方面对已有研究进行了综述。发展性计算障碍的诊断是进行此类研究需要首先解决的问题 ,矫正障碍则是这方面研究的最终目的 ,本文对发展性计算障碍的矫正进行了初步探讨。     

发展性计算障碍儿童数字认知的执行功能特征

执行功能是指个体有意识地控制自己的思想和行动的心理过程,其水平高低对人的计划、决策和自我觉察与认知等方面的发展有很大影响。为深入了解发展性计算障碍儿童数字认知中执行功能的发展状况,寻求儿童执行功能水平提升的途径与方法,文章作者以长沙市某普通小学的21名发展性计算障碍儿童和20名正常儿童为对象,以阿拉伯数字和汉语数字为刺激材料,对儿童在数字奇偶判断任务中的执行功能水平进行考察,发现不论是反应速度还是反应的正确性,正常儿童的成绩均明显好于发展性计算障碍儿童,反映出执行功能存在的问题已直接影响这些发展性计算障碍儿童对数学知识的理解与掌握。文章指出开展与发展性计算障碍儿童执行功能相关的活动训练,能有效提高他们的执行功能水平。     

发展性计算障碍——脑与认知科学研究的新成果及其对教育的启示

发展性计算障碍是儿童认知发展过程中较常发生的一类特异性障碍,对学生的学习和心理行为发展均有重要影响。依据认知模块化的观点,发展性计算障碍可以分为不同类型,目前主要有按阶段与按表征两种分法。近年来,有关研究在脑与认知科学领域取得较大进展,有关结果表明发展性计算障碍不仅与脑的单侧化有关,同时也与特定脑区在代谢与结构上的异常有关。目前在我国,研究者与广大教育实践工作者尚未对此引起足够的重视,有关研究尚未充分开展,为此,我国应加快在该方面的科学研究、干预与教育培养工作。     

数学学习障碍儿童的教学方法

数学学习障碍是学习障碍的类型之一,是指排除智力落后和教育无能等因素的影响,数字加工和计算能力的心理年龄与实际年龄存在显著差异．数学学习障碍儿童与正常同龄儿童在一般的推理能力上差异不显著．但他们的数学能力却低于正常同龄儿童．数学学习障碍儿童的流行率大约为6％．由此我们可以推断．3．6亿中国儿童中约有2160万存在数学学习障碍．     

数学学业不良儿童的心理表现及其成因

学业不良问题是学校教育中普遍存在的现象，其中数学障碍表现尤为突出。通过对数学障碍问题研究历史的分析，归总结了儿童数学障碍的主要表现形式，并尝试从学习动机、解题策略、问题表征能力以及元认知技能等方面分析其形成的原因，为学校进行补偿教育提供依据。     

浅谈儿童情绪障碍的成因及其干预

在明确儿童情绪障碍概念的基础上,从生物遗传因素、家庭因素、儿童自身因素等三方面分析了儿童情绪障碍的成因,介绍了对儿童情绪障碍行之有效的三种干预途径,即药物治疗、心理治疗、环境与教育干预.     

特殊儿童父母亲职压力与婚姻质量关系研究

通过问卷调查法,分析特殊儿童父母亲职压力与婚姻质量的关系,重点探究发展性障碍儿童父母与感官障碍儿童父母在亲职压力与婚姻质量上的差异,并为特殊儿童父母降低压力、提升婚姻质量提供科学干预措施。结果发现:特殊儿童父母亲职压力与婚姻质量出现显著负相关,其中发展性障碍儿童父母与感官障碍儿童父母在亲职压力上存在显著差异,在婚姻质量上差异不显著。     

发展性计算障碍研究述评

发展性计算障碍研究越来越受到研究者的关注,已有研究发展性计算障碍的诊断、病因及其与工作记忆之间的关系等方面取得了丰硕的成果.但是,已有研究在被试的同质性、被试的代表性、控制组的设置问题以及数字加工和计算能力的测量等问题上还存在着一定的问题,需要进一步改进.     

Working memory deficits in children with specific learning disorders

This article examines working memory functioning in children with specific developmental disorders of scholastic skills as defined by ICD-10. Ninety-seven second to fourth graders with a minimum IQ of 80 are compared using a 2 x 2 factorial (dyscalculia vs. no dyscalculia; dyslexia vs. no dyslexia) design. An extensive test battery assesses the three subcomponents of working memory described by Baddeley (1986): phonological loop, visual-spatial sketchpad, and central executive. Children with dyscalculia show deficits in visual-spatial memory; children with dyslexia show deficits in phonological and central executive functioning. When controlling for the influence of the phonological loop on the performance of the central executive, however, the effect is no longer significant. Although children with both reading and arithmetic disorders are consistently outperformed by all other groups, there is no significant interaction between the factors dyscalculia and dyslexia.     

Naming speed in dyslexia and dyscalculia

In four carefully selected samples of 8- to 10-year old children with dyslexia (but age adequate arithmetic skills), dyscalculia (but age adequate reading skills), dyslexia/dyscalculia and controls a domain-general deficit in rapid automatized naming (RAN) was found for both dyslexia groups. Dyscalculic children exhibited a domain-specific deficit in rapid naming of quantities. This finding is in line with recent assumptions that dyscalculia is associated with a neurobiological deficit in the processing of numerosities. In the dyslexia/dyscalculia group, RAN deficits were additive, that is, the dyslexia/dyscalculia group exhibited the sum of the deficits found in the dyslexia only and dyscalculia only groups. This finding suggests that the cognitive bases of dyslexia and dyscalculia are independent from each other. Within the naming speed paradigm no differential impact of special demands on the executive functions inhibition and shifting was found for any of the four groups.     

Predictors of primary school teachers’ knowledge about developmental dyscalculia

Developmental dyscalculia is a specific learning disability that is described as a heterogeneous and persistent cognitive disorder. Given the need to detect and intervene as early as possible to minimise its effects, teachers’ knowledge about symptoms, characteristics and effective intervention strategies in dyscalculia is essential. Given the lack of research about this topic and measures to evaluate teachers’ knowledge, this study aims to present a literature-based measure to evaluate knowledge about developmental dyscalculia and to investigate the predictors of this type of knowledge. Data were collected from a sample of 175 primary school teachers. The measure presented adequate psychometric properties. Teachers’ personal characteristics such as age and gender did not predict their knowledge about dyscalculia. Being a Special Education teacher predicted a higher knowledge of intervention strategies in dyscalculia and having heard about dyscalculia predicted higher knowledge about not only intervention strategies but also dyscalculia characteristics. The data are discussed, and suggestions for further studies are presented.     

Dyscalculia: A unifying concept in understanding mathematics learning disabilities

Abstract

Individuals display a mathematics disability when their performance on standardized calculation tests or on numerical reasoning tasks is comparatively low, given their age, education and intellectual reasoning ability. Low performance due to cerebral trauma Is called acquired dyscalculia. Mathematical learning difficulties with similar features but without evidence of cerebral trauma are referred to as developmental dyscalculia. This review identifies types of developmental dyscalculia, the neuropsychological processes that are linked with them and procedures for Identifying dyscalculia.     

ADHD and dyscalculia: Evidence for independent familial transmission

The familial relationship between dyscalculia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was assessed. We conducted a familial risk analysis using probands with and without ADHD of both genders and their first-degree relatives. Participants were assessed with structured diagnostic interviews and a cognitive test battery. We found elevated rates of ADHD in relatives of both ADHD proband groups, regardless of dyscalculia status, and elevated rates of dyscalculia in relatives of probands with dyscalculia, irrespective of ADHD status. There was no evidence for cosegregation or assortative mating. Our findings support the hypothesis that ADHD and dyscalculia are independently transmitted in families and are etiologically distinct. These results reinforce the current nosological approach to these disorders and underscore the need for separate identification and treatment strategies for children with both conditions.     

A systematic review of interventions for children presenting with dyscalculia in primary schools

The acquisition of numerical competency is regarded as imperative for quality of life and economic well-being. Many children have significant mathematical learning difficulties known as dyscalculia. The aim of this research was to systematically review the available literature for interventions with children presenting with dyscalculia in primary schools, in order to provide an evidence base of filtered information assessed for methodological rigour and coherence. The study evaluated literature from 2004 to 2014 that reported on interventions for primary school children presenting with dyscalculia. Specific databases were accessed to highlight literature for inclusion in the study. The studies were assessed at title, abstract and full text levels for quality based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings provide a base of effective interventions that can be used in the school setting for individual development with a holistic focus and present various methods of instruction for children presenting with dyscalculia.     

The design and development of a dyscalculia checklist based on a focus group interview

This article aims to explore the symptoms and characteristics of dyscalculia. This is a qualitative study. Five experts in the field of special education took part in a focus group interview. Each expert had more than ten years of experience in their area of expertise. To determine the content validity of the protocol, three experts in special education, language and qualitative research evaluated each of the eight items. Cohen's kappa analysis was used to assess inter-rater reliability. The findings of this study indicate that 59 items have been developed, based on six constructs in the dyscalculia checklist. The six constructs were subitising, estimating, Arabic numerals, verbal numbers, arithmetic facts and calculating processes. Following the focus group interview, a new construct emerged: math anxiety. The study implies that teachers might utilise this checklist to carry out early detection of students with dyscalculia in primary schools. This will enable appropriate intervention, resulting in significant benefits for the Ministry of Education, for educators and teachers, and for the students themselves. Although this study was based in Malaysia, the results have wider implications because dyscalculia is present everywhere.