Visual acuity for single lines as a function of hue and age

176 students in grades 2-12 were tested for visual acuity as a function of minimally resolvable red, yellow, green, and blue lines. A 3-way mixed analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the colors, with better acuity for longer wavelengths. Significant age effects as well as a sex X condition interaction were also found. Post hoc analysis revealed a significant quartic trend for age. It is argued that the differential acuity thresholds for hue and the curvilinear age trend may depend upon the coordination of the accommodation and refractive power of the eye, which are affected by differential growth rates of the lens and the axial length of the eye.     

Infant visual acuity as a function of viewing distance.

Dynamic retinoscopy has suggested that near vision may be more acute than far vision during early infancy. To test this, acuity thresholds were determined by presenting square wave gratings in a preference paradigm to 1- and 2-month-old human infants at 4 viewing distances. Gratings were paired with unpatterned fields; direction of first fixation was the dependent measure. Infants exhibited the same acuity at each of the distances at which gratings were presented. The results were interpreted as compatible with the fact that considerable optical defocusing does not seriously affect a visual system, such as the infant's, that is sensitive only to low spatial frequencies.     

Frequency,duration, and speed of wheel running of rats as a function of age and starvation

The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether age differences in amounts of wheel running of starved rats were due to the frequency of bursts of running, to the average duration of bursts, to speed, or to any combination of these parameters. The experiment was carried out according to a 3 by 2 by 2 mixed model design. The independent variables were age (67, 293, and 746 days old at the start of starvation), food deprivation (total starvation vs ad lib), and occasion of measurement (initial vs maximum activity). The dependent variables were number of wheel revolutions, number of bursts of activity, number of seconds of running per burst, and revolutions per second. The results indicated that acutely starved rats run more often, for longer periods, and at higher speeds than do sated rats, and that with increased age rats run less often, for a shorter time, and at slower speeds.     

Conceptual process as a function of age and enforced attention in learning-disabled children: Evidence for deficient rule learning

Adapting a modified reception paradigm, three bidimensional rules (conjunctive, disjunctive, conditional) and two instructional conditions (enforced attention vs standard rule learning) are used to test the assumption that deficient rule learning rather than inattention is responsible for poor learning with learning-disabled children. Main findings indicate learning-disabled children are deficient on binary conceptual rule tasks for three age groups (6 to 7, 8 to 9, 12 to 13) compared to normal children matched on sex and IQ regardless of experimental instructions. For both groups, learning is retarded by rule complexity while rate of learning diminishes with increasing age. Data reflect a truth-table logic at all ages for both groups, although there is evidence that disabled children perseverate with a rule-learning hypothesis characteristic of younger nondisabled children. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that rule learning is deficient in children with learning disabilities.     

实践课与第二语言(汉语)教学

论述实践课项目设计在第二语言(汉语)教学中的作用,并具体论述在语言实践中应遵守的几个原则。     

自然意象在《虹》中的象征作用

劳伦斯惯用自然意象作为象征来传情达意 ,作为自然的代表 ,它们象征着希望、自由和生命力 ,与扼杀人性、桎梏自由的工业文明相对峙。这在小说《虹》中更为突出 ,劳伦斯借助对自然景物的描写来暗示人物心理、推动情节发展 ,景物与情感相结合 ,深刻揭示人物心理。月亮和彩虹是小说的主要意象 ,多次重复 ,前后呼应 ,贯穿始终 ,对于揭示主题、刻画人物有重要作用。     

Blocking as a function of added cue intensity

Twelve rats were initially trained to leverpress for water in the presence of a tone. Responses in the absence of the tone were never reinforced. Following this pretraining, a novel light cue was simultaneously compounded with all presentations of the tone as a relevant but redundant predictor of reinforcement. For three different groups of subjects, the light cue was of either bright, moderate, or dim intensity. After compound training, all subjects experienced nonreinforced presentations of each of the two components of the compound. Results indicated that the relative degree of control exerted by the light over behavior increased with increases in light (added cue) intensity.     

Postdiscrimination generalization as a function of interresponse time

Following 20 sessions of variable-interval 20-sec reinforcement in the presence of a single 45-deg line-tilt stimulus, three pigeons were trained to discriminate between line tilts of 45 deg correlated with variable-interval 20-sec reinforcement and line tilts of 15 deg correlated with extinction. A generalization test along the line-tilt dimension was administered following a criterion discrimination performance. Gradients derived in terms of relative frequency of response as a function of line tilt indicated strong external stimulus control and exhibited clear peak shift. From the interresponse time (IRT) distributions generated for responding to each test stimulus, probability of response conditional upon IRT (IRTs/Op) was derived as a joint function of line tilt and IRT. The IRTs/Op functions for responses following IRTs in 0.2-sec-wide classes from 0.2 to 1.0 sec and for responses following IRTs in the interval of 1.0 to 2.0 sec were similar to the relative generalization gradients and also exhibited peak shift. Few IRTs were greater than 2.0 sec. External stimulus control was established over responses terminating IRTs both longer and shorter than 1.0 sec.     

秦观词意象五题

作为我国传统抒情文学重要的审美对象,意象满蕴着作者的审美情感,也渗透着读者的审美领悟.秦词凄美柔婉的意境,蕴含于独具表现力的意象之中.词人寄意于象,以象尽意,使物象与自我意识交织,情语与景语交融,传达出哀怨的心曲,蕴含着巨大的情感张力.     

Concurrent schedule responding as a function of body weight

Five pigeons pecked for food reinforcement on several concurrent schedules. Their body weights were varied from 80% to 110% of their free-feeding weights. A number of predictions of the equations proposed by Herrnstein (1970) were tested. As predicted, the relative rate of responding equalled the relative rate of reinforcement for all subjects, on all schedules, at all body weights. And, as predicted, the overall rates of responding on the components of a concurrent schedule were slower than the local rates of responding on the components of an identical multiple schedule. Contrary to prediction, the total rate of responding generated by the concurrent schedules did not increase with increases in the total rate of reinforcement they provided. And, contrary to prediction, the k parameter did not remain constant, and the R₀ parameter did not increase with increases in body weight. It was concluded that Herrnstein’s matching law and his interpretation of the m parameter are correct but that the interpretations of k and R₀ require further investigation.     

Differences in school psychological report writing as a function of doctoral vs. nondoctoral training

This study was designed to examine differences in the report-writing skills of doctoral and nondoctoral school psychologists. Fourteen doctoral level and 13 specialist level public school psychologists provided the 50 school psychological reports used in this study; 25 reports were written by doctoral level school psychologists and 25 were written by specialist level school psychologists. The reports were categorized according to the referral problem: mental retardation, learning disability, reading problem, emotional difficulty, and behavior problem. The psychological reports were rated by a panel of educators using an 18-item rating scale. The results indicated no significant differences between the ratings of the doctoral and nondoctoral school psychologists' reports. Educators did, however, consistently rate reports that analyzed mentally retarded children's evaluations better than any of the other four report categories, regardless of the degree level of the school psychologist. Results indicated that both specialist level and doctoral level school psychologists are capable of meeting the needs of educators in the area of report writing.     

萧红小说的意象化叙事和意义

萧红是中国近代女作家,被誉为"中国20世纪30年代的文学洛神"。她常以诗人之笔来创作小说,这也是她希望以诗化色彩来抒发文本主观抒情特点的创作特色之一。本文就以她的意象化叙事手段为主要理论依据,以她的文学创作为主要研究对象,详细探讨她意象化叙事的生成方式和功能效果,从中品品味萧红文学所蕴含的创作意义与审美价值。     

唐诗中“月亮”意象的多重意蕴

唐代诗歌中的月亮意象表达了诗人孤独失意、离别相思等诸多情感,展现了晶莹澄静的审美意境,展示了横绝宏大的宇宙意识,具有极为丰富复杂的审美意蕴.文章从唐诗中的月亮入手,分析了意象超时空的审美价值,指出了其重要的现实意义.