“否定”加工研究的新进展:认知神经科学的视角

“否定”是语言理解及认知表征研究的重要组成部分.随着认知神经科学的迅速发展,否定加工的神经心理学研究引起了心理语言学研究者的极大兴趣,这为否定理解研究提供了新的视角.首先从认知神经科学的角度分析了否定加工过程与机制的理论解释;接着,从否定句法复杂性和否定辖域内信息的通达性两方面综述了否定是如何影响语言加工的认知神经科学研究;最后,指出了否定加工研究中需要重点关注的几个问题.     

认知神经科学视角下的创造力研究

创造力研究对于社会进步和个人发展均具有重要意义,逐渐成为心理学研究中的一个重要领域。随着认知神经科学的兴起,研究者从认知神经科学视角开展了丰富的创造力研究,这些研究主要体现在两个方面:(1)从大脑结构、大脑皮层唤醒水平和神经效能三个角度对创造力个体差异的认知神经机制进行了揭示;(2)基于最近几十年认知神经科学的研究成果,从认知神经科学角度对创造力进行了分类。认知神经科学的创造力研究,深化了人们对创造力的理解,但依然存在挑战,通过分析这些挑战,使我们明晰了认知神经科学关于创造力研究的未来方向:改进创造力测量工具和实验任务以满足认知神经科学研究的需要,进一步加强知识与创造力关系、人格特质与创造力关系的认知神经科学研究。     

发展认知神经科学及其对当代教育的启示

发展认知神经科学是从发展视角阐明心理与行为神经机制的一门新兴分支学科。它对儿童和儿童学习7的认识又进了一步,为“发展与教育”这一基本问题展示丰富的学科视野提供了重要的科学依据。发展认知神经科学不仅是国家战略性“大科学计划”的重要组成部分,也是国家推动教育改革,特别是提高早期教育质量的重要科学根据。     

儿童期大脑成熟与行为发展的关联

日新月异的脑科学研究,为建立基于大脑发育的个体发展模型和学习理论提供了光明的前景.发展认知神经科学家与教育家、教育政策制定者之间的对话,必将为早期教育提供坚实的实践指导依据,并带来变革性的影响.本文简介探索儿童认知发展和脑发育之间关联的研究,并重点介绍人类个体在出生到青春期的发育过程中,大脑成熟与心理能力发展的一致性特点.最后,探讨大脑成熟与儿童行为发展关联研究对教育的启示.     

一个跨学科的必然趋势：教育学认知神经化

认知神经科学、脑科学等学科在教育学领域的延伸使得教育学课堂发生认知神经化。教育学认知神经化为教育学发展提供新路向,原因在于认知神经科学使得教育学建立在脑的基础上,并为教育学的科学性提供证言。教育学认知神经化为教育学发展谋求机遇,可以一定程度上消除"学科派"和"职业派"的分歧——重理论或重技能,致力于构建理论与实践相结合的课堂;同时也为教育学的发展带来挑战——达到五个必须:必须改变"空谈说教"理念的蒂固,必须引进专业师资,必须进行团队协作,必须设置认知神经科学等相关课程,必须拥有专业化技术及设立专门化实验室。     

认知神经科学对心理学的研究贡献——主要来自我国心理学界的重要研究工作述评

综观主要来自我国心理学界的认知神经科学研究工作及其重要成果,从认知行为的神经机制研究、认知行为心理学理论的神经科学研究、基于脑神经机理构建认知行为心理机制理论模型的研究这三个研究层面评述其对我国心理学发展的学术意义和研究贡献。文章指出,认知神经科学研究强有力地推动了我国心理学的发展,但其尚难以满足心理现象因果解释的要求,不能替代心理科学研究本身。心理学研究者掌握和运用认知神经科学研究方法和技术,旨在使其“服务”于心理学研究,从认知行为的脑神经机制的探索中获得启发而构建心理学理论,这是认知神经科学研究对心理学研究的真正学术意义之所在,目前我国心理学领域在这方面的研究相对不足应引起重视。     

自我面孔识别的研究进展

自我面孔识别是个体对自己面孔的认知,它是个体自我发展的基础.自我面孔识别是自我研究的重要组成部分.近年来,自我面孔识别的研究取得很大进展,在种系发生、人类个体发展、神经机制等方面取得了丰硕的研究成果,特别是无损伤性的认知神经科学手段的运用更促进了这一领域的发展.了解自我面孔识别的研究成果对我们进一步了解一般面孔识别、心理理论以及自我发展等具有重要意义.该领域的研究进展将为深入了解自我的形成机理提供一个新的探视"窗口".     

社会认知神经科学：取向、研究与未来方向

社会认知神经科学是社会心理学与认知神经科学相结合的跨学科研究领域,旨在对社会心理现象在神经、认知和社会三个水平实现整合性研究。当前的研究主要集中于刻板印象、态度与态度改变、他人知觉、自我认知以及情绪与认知交互作用等传统社会心理学的范畴上面,主要范式是应用认知神经科学的方法来验证社会心理学在这些范畴上的各种不同理论观点,并在某些方面取得了突破性进展,但仍存在着广泛的发展空间。未来的研究应采用整合性研究与分离性研究相结合、自下而上与自上而下相结合的研究思路,这有助于建立心理学统一的研究范式。     

发展认知神经科学的人格研究述评

本文介绍了发展认知神经科学的兴起和进展,并对于采用发展认知神经科学的方法研究人格的成果进行总结,并对发展认知神经科学的人格研究进行了展望。     

认知神经科学对数学的研究及其启示

认知神经科学以独特的研究手段和分析方法探究认知过程及其神经基础,对数学学习的非典型发展颇具贡献,提供了独特的有关数学学习的知识,其研究成果还有助于推进行为研究.本文列举了西方认知神经科学家对数学学习的一些相关研究,以期促进数学教育者的关注以及跨学科的合作.     

教育神经科学的领域建构

教育神经科学是将生物科学、认知科学、发展科学和教育科学等学科的知识与技能进行深度整合的具有独特话语体系的一门新兴学科。教育神经科学重视整体人的研究与培养,因此将为教育奠定坚实的基础。建立研究基地、开设专业课程、对教师进行培训、形成共同的话语体系等是促进教育神经科学健康发展的重要保证。     

Towards a Conceptual Profile: Rethinking Conceptual Mediation in the Light of Recent Cognitive and Neuroscientific Findings

One important focus for science education researchers over many years has been the attempts to replace students' commonsense and non-scientific explanations of various phenomena by scientific explanations. The approach we adopted almost three decades ago was conceptual mediation, and this was shown to have a considerable level of success with both conceptual and attitudinal change. However, since that time, advances have been made in the application of both cognitive science and neuroscience to science learning. In particular, evidence has accumulated that, rather than the replacement of the commonsense view, the reality is that learners develop a conceptual profile which includes both the commonsense and the scientific. If this is the case, instead of focussing on conceptual replacement, science educators need to aim more actively at strengthening the learner's executive processes which select contextually appropriate responses and inhibit inappropriate ones. In this paper, the initial development, theoretical basis and the practical applications of conceptual mediation are introduced, following which, these are re-examined in the light of more recent findings. Within this discussion, several potential links to recent cognitive and neuroscientific research are drawn, and these raise issues for further research into the most appropriate teaching approaches for tackling existing non-scientific conceptions.     

How Relevant Is R.S. Peters’ Conception of Education to Science Education?

This paper discusses R.S. Peters’ concept of education, particularly his notion of cognitive perspective and its relevance to school science education. In light of the problems inherent in any attempt to define the notion of scientific literacy, it is argued that the development of cognitive perspective can be considered an important, if not the ultimate, goal of school science education. Such a goal not only provides an alternative way to view the development of scientific literacy, but it also points to a conception of scientific literacy that is neither too narrow nor too broad. In view of recent reform efforts that promote a utilitarian and instrumentalist conception of school science education, Peters’ notion of cognitive perspective can provide food for thought for all those interested in a science education that educates students in science by helping them understand the personal and the wider significance of scientific knowledge. Such a conception of school science education is in line with the view that education and learning should make students change their outlook on the world. In addition, such a conception can enrich the ongoing dialogue on scientific literacy as the primary goal of school science education.     

认知涌现论:一种新的意识整体论

关于认知或心智机制的探讨,自古希腊以来就没有停止过,因为这个问题实质上是心身问题的深化。针对此问题的观点有多种,认知涌现论是认知科学产生后出现的一种新观点。然而,涌现(emergence)一词有多种含义,不同学科对它的理解也不尽相同。而且,涌现论本身与不同时期的科学主题的结合,形成了各种类型的涌现论——进化涌现论、机体涌现论、系统生成涌现论、社会涌现论等。随着复杂科学、心灵哲学、神经科学和认知科学的发展,涌现论进入到认知或心智领域,形成了认知涌现论,一种具有交互性、生成性、整体适应性特征的本体论唯物主义。事实上,认知涌现论是基于神经科学对心智或意识机制进行解释的意识整体论。     

Mind, Brain, and Literacy: Biomarkers as Usable Knowledge for Education

Neuroscience has the potential to make some very exciting contributions to education and pedagogy. However, it is important to ask whether the insights from neuroscience studies can provide "usable knowledge" for educators. With respect to literacy, for example, current neuroimaging methods allow us to ask research questions about how the brain develops networks of neurons specialized for the act of reading and how literacy is organized in the brain of a reader with developmental dyslexia. Yet quite how these findings can translate to the classroom remains unclear. One of the most exciting possibilities is that neuroscience could deliver "biomarkers" that could identify children with learning difficulties very early in development. In this review, I will illustrate how the field of mind, brain, and education might develop biomarkers by combining educational, cognitive, and neuroscience research paradigms. I will argue that all three kinds of research are necessary to provide usable knowledge for education.     

From conceptual development to science education: a psychological point of view

A theoretical framework based on cognitive/developmental research is described. It is argued that science learning is a gradual process during which initial conceptual structures based on children's interpretations of everyday experience are continuously enriched and restructured. Conceptual change also involves increased metaconceptual awareness, cognitive flexibility, and theoretical coherence. Some of the implications of this research for the development of science curricula and for instruction are discussed. It is also argued that while cognitive/developmental research can provide us with important information about the process of learning science, it does not provide much information about the external, environmental variables that can facilitate cognitive performance and conceptual change. What is needed in the future is the development of a theory of learning that bridges science education and cognitive/developmental research. Such a theory should specify the mechanisms that can take an individual from one level of cognitive performance to the next and relate them to situational and cultural factors.     

Looking at Eye Gaze Processing and Its Neural Correlates in Infancy—Implications for Social Development and Autism Spectrum Disorder

The importance of eye gaze as a means of communication is indisputable. However, there is debate about whether there is a dedicated neural module, which functions as an eye gaze detector and when infants are able to use eye gaze cues in a referential way. The application of neuroscience methodologies to developmental psychology has provided new insights into early social cognitive development. This review integrates findings on the development of eye gaze processing with research on the neural mechanisms underlying infant and adult social cognition. This research shows how a cognitive neuroscience approach can improve our understanding of social development and autism spectrum disorder.     

有理论的实验和有实验的理论

科学实验是科学认识的基础,没有科学实验就没有真正意义上的科学。近年来,发展心理学家对传统的研究方法作了创造性的改进,使研究对象有所扩大,研究内容有所拓展,从而对早期教育产生了更加丰富的实用价值。在儿童发展心理学中,实验法与其他方法的综合运用有着广阔的发展空间,但主流的方法依然是实验法。无论是哪一种研究方法,都必须坚持客观性原则。沉浸于后现代主义的相对主义和无政府主义思潮对科学发展和社会实践活动,包括对幼儿教育的发展是有害的。     

小学科学教师科学本质观的现状调查与思考

科学本质教育已经成为当前科学教育发展的核心理念,教师对科学本质的理解是实现这一目标的关键。本研究以对124名小学科学教师的调查问卷为基础,结合访谈和观察,探讨了小学科学教师科学本质观的总体状况以及在不同维度上的具体表现。研究表明:小学科学教师的科学本质观具有一定的滞后性、浅层次性以及不稳定性。以此为基础,提出了改善小学科学教师科学本质观的建议。     

Whose Science and Whose Religion? Reflections on the Relations between Scientific and Religious Worldviews

Arguments about the relationship between science and religion often proceed by identifying a set of essential characteristics of scientific and religious worldviews and arguing on the basis of these characteristics for claims about a relationship of conflict or compatibility between them. Such a strategy is doomed to failure because science, to some extent, and religion, to a much larger extent, are cultural phenomena that are too diverse in their expressions to be characterized in terms of a unified worldview. In this paper I follow a different strategy. Having offered a loose characterization of the nature of science, I pose five questions about specific areas where religious and scientific worldviews may conflict—questions about the nature of faith, the belief in a God or Gods, the authority of sacred texts, the relationship between scientific and religious conceptions of the mind/soul, and the relationship between scientific and religious understandings of moral behavior. My review of these questions will show that they cannot be answered unequivocally because there is no agreement amongst religious believers as to the meaning of important religious concepts. Thus, whether scientific and religious worldviews conflict depends essentially upon whose science and whose religion one is considering. In closing, I consider the implications of this conundrum for science education.