教师的教育推理与行动模型

教育推理就是指教师通过内部思考,将理论知识调适、转化为学生可以主动探究和接受的知识的过程,具体而言是教师的思维内化和和外化的过程。教育行动模型包括理解、转化、讲授、评价、反思和新意义生成六大环节。在舒尔曼的教育理念中,教师的教育推理与行动模型是作为一个整体概念呈现的,是基于教学实践的分析与归纳,具有十分重要的作用,它有助于教师把自身的知识转化为学生能够理解、表征的形式,进而保证教学的有效性。     

The Role of Mathematics Teachers' Content Knowledge in their Teaching: A Framework for Research applied to a Study of Student Teachers

The authors develop and explain a framework toguide research on the relationship betweenmathematics teachers' knowledge of content andtheir teaching. The framework istwo-dimensional. The dimensions are (a) theelements of teaching and (b) the processes ofteaching in which knowledge of content is ofconsequence. The interplay between the elementsof teaching and the processes of teaching isdiscussed theoretically, consideringconnections to existing literature about therole of teachers' subject matter knowledge.Three vignettes from the authors' work withpre-service secondary mathematics teachersinvestigate further the relationship betweencontent knowledge and effective mathematicsteaching. The vignettes also serve toillustrate the complexity of investigationsinto this relationship. Direction is offeredfor use of the framework in future research.     

Documenting Science Teachers' Pedagogical Content Knowledge Through PaP-eRs

This paper examines science teachers' pedagogical content knowledge and ways in which that knowledge might be captured, articulated and portrayed to others. The research from which this paper is drawn has involved interviews with experienced science teachers in an attempt to make the tacit nature of their practice explicit. Initially, case methodology was envisaged as being a way of documenting these teachers' pedagogical content knowledge. However, over time, the form of knowledge and information that we were gathering and attempting to portray extended beyond that which could reasonably be described as being case-based. Hence we have developed an approach to articulation and portrayal based on what we call the CoRe (Content Representation) – which represents the particular content/topic of the science teaching – and PaP-eRs (Pedagogical and Professional experience Repertoire) – which help to illuminate specific aspects of the CoRe and therefore offer insights into pedagogical content knowledge itself. The results of this study offer new ways of conceptualising what pedagogical content knowledge is and how it might be captured, documented and disseminated.     

促进深度学习的教学推理:实践逻辑与策略选择

学生的深度学习是以学生的知识理解与运用为价值取向,以培养学生的高阶思维能力和问题解决能力为目标的一种学习。但知识论证不充足、知识点状分布、绝对真理知识观等表层知识教学已偏离了学习的本质及价值,产生了知识教学阻滞深度学习的困局。教学推理是教师根据已知教学条件及个体情境认知,确定问题并生成教学策略的连续性思维活动。它克服了以往僵化的教学方式,为促进深度学习提供可能逻辑。其中,学科知识逻辑能促进学习触及知识的意义世界,学生经验逻辑能促进学习进入学生的心灵世界,实践自为逻辑能促进学习关联自我的生活世界。最后,促进深度学习的教学推理策略应着力于以"批判与交融"为取向的教学理解,形成以"联结与转化"为纽带的教学逻辑,开展以"假设与证据"为核心的课堂论证教学,创设以"推断与评估"为特质的教学情境。     

教学设计对数学教学知识发展的影响

教师基于自己的学科知识、经验等,借助于“课例学习＋行动跟进＋经验打磨＋实践反思”等“行动学习”策略进行教学设计,实现有效教学,不断重组、提升学科教学知识。通过强化教学设计（实践）,解决数学教学中存在的问题和困惑,在实践中传递、积累数学教学知识,在反思体验基础上改进课堂教学,发展数学教学能力,提升数学教师的数学教育观念。     

幼儿园教师学科教学知识及发展途径

知识是影响教师专业发展的重要因素。学科教学知识是教师知识结构中最重要的内核。幼儿园教师学科教学知识可以通过经验积累与反思、在职培训、园本教研、行动研究等途径得到发展。     

Knowledge Integration in Science Teaching: Analysing Teachers' Knowledge Development

This paper tests the utility of a new sociocognitive frame for analysing the development of teachers' knowledge – the knowledge integration perspective (Linn, Eylon, & Davis, in press; Linn & Hsi, 2000). In doing so, the paper describes one prospective elementary teacher's developing knowledge and highlights its complexity. The prospective teacher demonstrates relatively well-integrated science subject matter knowledge, but she makes some problematic links to lessons and develops some instructional representations that show where she needs to distinguish between different scientific ideas. She also, however, links science concepts to appropriate real-world experiences, indicating that she has nascent useful pedagogical content knowledge. The paper discusses what teacher educators can learn about their learners from this analysis, argues for the utility of the knowledge integration perspective for conducting similar analyses, provides ideas to help science teacher educators apply the perspective easily as they teach their students, and points to areas ripe for future research.     

学科知识和学科教学知识在课堂教学中的有机融合

教师不仅要拥有深刻的学科知识而且还要拥有宽广的学科教学知识。有效的课堂教学是两者的有机融合。通过从学习者的视角剖析一堂数学课的教学,具体分析了学科知识和学科教学知识在课堂教学中是怎样有机融合的,在经验层面证实了上述观点。该课例是青浦经验新行动的产物。青浦经验从本质上说是学科知识和学科教学知识有机融合的产物,是指导有效教学的本土经验。学科知识和学科教学知识的有机融合是数学和教育在课堂教学中的诉求,也可更好地解读本土经验。     

TPACK:信息时代教师专业化的知识基础

TPACK(Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge,一般翻译为"整合技术的学科教学知识")是教师专业化过程中出现的一个新概念,是教育信息化对教师知识提出的新要求。文章从教师知识基础研究的兴起与历程入手,首先分析了学科教学知识(PCK)向整合技术的学科教学知识(TPACK)的转变过程;其次阐述了TPACK的内涵与它所具有的综合性、情境性、实践性、缄默性、易变性五个方面的特征;最后,在上述分析的基础上,提出了观摩示范、案例研究、参与教学和交流讨论等多种有效促进TPACK发展的途径,以期对教师教育研究和实践有所启发。     

The Development of Diploma in Education Student Teachers’ Mathematics Pedagogical Content Knowledge

Mathematics pedagogical content knowledge (MPCK) of teachers cannot be easily defined but is a complex concept integrating generic pedagogical knowledge, mathematics teaching methodology as well as knowledge of the discipline of mathematics. It is the objective of mathematics methodology courses in teacher preparation programmes to begin the development of MPCK in their pre-service teachers. As part of a research study on the development of MPCK in primary school beginning teachers, a 16-item instrument was developed to measure some aspects of the MPCK for teaching mathematics at primary level. The instrument was administered to the 2003 Intake of the Diploma in Education student teachers at the National Institute of Education, Singapore just at the beginning of their programme. As they completed their methodology course in February 2005, the instrument was administered again. This paper will discuss the findings concerning their performance in these two tests, with reference to the overall performance as well as topic-specific and MPCK construct-specific performance. The findings indicate that student teachers at the beginning of their programmes are generally quite weak in their mathematics pedagogical content knowledge, as might be expected. There was significant improvement in some aspects of their MPCK on completion of their mathematics pedagogy course.     

小学数学教师的学科教学知识：表现特点及其关系的研究

采用问卷测查法,本研究考察了32名小学数学专家与非专家教师①的学科教学知识。结果表明,除了教学设计思想这一维度外,两类教师在理解学生思维、诊断学生错误想法与所采用教学策略方面表现出明显差异。与非专家教师相比,专家教师更了解学生的错误想法与难点,所采用的策略倾向于从学生错误概念的本质入手,而非专家教师则直接引导学生掌握运算规则。本研究也就教师的学科教学知识与学科知识的关系进行了考察。     

幼儿园教师数学学科教学知识现状研究——以一位熟手型教师为例

采用课堂观察法和访谈法研究一位熟手型幼儿园教师的数学学科教学知识现状,结果发现：（1）数学内容知识方面,教师重视幼儿数学内容知识学习的衔接性和全面性。（2）数学教学策略知识方面,教师在教学中鼓励幼儿自由操作和探索,常采用直观材料演示的教学策略。（3）幼儿的知识方面,教师更为关注幼儿已有数学知识的经验准备,对本班幼儿有较全面的了解。（4）数学教学情境知识方面,常以创设游戏情境的方式开展教学活动,能为幼儿的数学知识学习创设问题情境。     

Reshaping Teaching and Learning: The Transformation of Faculty Pedagogical Content Knowledge

A qualitative study of faculty members participating in a campus-wide problem-based learning initiative examined the process of transforming faculty pedagogical content knowledge. Researchers found that faculty existing knowledge and the institutional intervention influenced new knowledge of faculty roles, student roles, disciplinary structures, and pedagogy. Communicating new knowledge solidified the transformation.     

Pedagogical Content Knowledge Development and Pre-Service Physics Teacher Education: A Case Study

This paper addresses the question of how to develop prospective teachers' pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) in science teacher education. The main focus is on the knowledge transformation process and on the cognitive strategies used to shift prospective teachers' explanations within the domain of modelling thermal physical phenomena. This study investigates the development of PCK within a group of 28 pre-service physics teachers during the first semester of their two-year post-graduate teacher education program. It focuses on the central issue of the relationships between observable phenomena, like macroscopic thermal properties of matter and their interpretation and/or explanation in terms of corpuscular characteristics and/or thermodynamics theory. The strategy is based on the consideration that knowledge transformation is not a one-way process from subject matter knowledge to pedagogical content knowledge, as literature suggests, but a bidirectional process involving deepening of subject matter knowledge and increasing awareness of pedagogical issues.     

Pedagogical Reasoning: Issues and Solutions for the Teaching and Learning of ICT in Secondary Schools

Confusion has developed over the role of ICT in schools as a result of conflicting messages from government-led initiatives and changes in the technology. Amidst the ongoing debate about the purpose and rational for ICT in schools a subject has evolved called ICT (Information and Communications Technology), IT or Informatics. Whilst the nature and content of the subject has been fairly clearly defined with significant agreement between specifications from a range of countries, the pedagogy is still unclear. The analysis that I present here of the pedagogical reasoning process as it applies to ICT teachers who are implementing the ICT curriculum in England reveals the basis of the difficulties in teaching ICT and leads to the identification of issues for the development and integration of theories and practices for learning and teaching ICT. These issues are discussed in relation to developments in pedagogy in other curriculum areas, notably science, and an agenda for developing a pedagogy for ICT is proposed.     

中学数学教师的教师知识来源的调查研究

本研究通过问卷调查了不同来源对中学数学教师的教师知识发展的重要程度。研究结果显示:自身教学经验与反思、和同事的日常交流是最为重要的职后的教师知识来源,而入职后的学历教育是最不重要的教师知识来源。在职前的各种教师知识来源中,教育见习实习、微格教学是职前比较重要的教师知识来源,而数学专业课、教育类课程是最不重要和次重要的教师知识来源。根据这些结果,我们提出了在教师教育中促进教师知识发展的建议。     

教育实习对高师生教育学知识发展的影响研究

使用中学教师资格考试的教育学试卷在高师生教育实习前后分别进行测试,并运用访谈法访谈部分参加实习的学生。结果显示:教育实习前后的教育学成绩存在显著性差异,实习后的成绩高于实习前的成绩,高师生的教育学知识明显地增加;进一步分析发现,实习前后记忆型教育学知识与理解型教育学知识的成绩存在显著性差异,实习后,前者明显下降,而后者明显提高,教育实习加深了高师生对教育的理解。学生对教育实习的认识与态度、有效时间(讲课次数)、实习场所(农村学校和城市学校)、指导教师等是影响实习效果的主要因素。为有效地实现教育实习的专业发展价值,需要解决师范生的态度与认识、有效时间、实习指导的实效性等问题。     

学科教学知识(PCK)的核心因素及其对教师教育的启示

本文从多种同类研究中汲取学术资源,聚焦于探索学科教学知识(PCK)内涵中的核心因素,并将其确定为"从学生立场出发实现知识转化".受此启发,我们主张:(1)重视并拓展知识的育人价值,而不局限于认知维度的知识学习;(2)关注并提升教师教育的学术品质,而不局限于将其仅看作技能训练的传统认识.     

亚里士多德实践活动特点解析

在教育哲学界的长期争辩过程中,教学作为一种实践的观点逐步凸显并广为接受。传统教学认识论认为教学是教师的实践,将认识归为学生的认识。然而随着教学论的不断发展,人们对实践主体、认识主体有了更深的理解,教学实践认识论悄然诞生。教学实践认识论关注知识的情境化与教学实践的知识创造,凸显整体主义的行动研究与行动学习,并对课目教育学知识产生了新的解读,为教师发展教学研究的实施能力与表达能力提供了正确的理论指导。