聚焦2002年度诺贝尔自然科学奖

诺贝尔奖是举世瞩目的世界性综合奖项,这一奖项是以瑞典科学家阿尔弗雷德·伯恩哈德·诺贝尔的名字冠名的。诺贝尔是以发明和制造炸药而成为世界巨富的,他在去世前曾立下遗嘱,将他遗产的利息作为奖金,在他每年逝世纪念日(12月10日)颁发给获奖者。诺贝尔奖设物理学、化学、生理学或医学、文学、和平奖五项,从1901年开始,每年颁发一次,1969年起增设一项经济学奖。2002年,瑞典皇家科学院隆重地举行颁奖仪式,将这6项奖项颁发给不同领域的卓有成就者。     

1999年诺贝尔医学奖其人其事

1999年的诺贝尔奖似乎特别钟情于德国人,他们摘取了物理化学、生理、医学、文学、和平和经济学六大桂冠中的两个——诺贝尔文学奖和医学奖。获得前一奖项的是德国作家君特·格拉斯(Guenter Granss),而获得生理学或医学奖的则是君特·布洛贝尔(Gunter Blobel)。 获奖理由和探索历程 布洛贝尔获得1999年的诺贝尔医学奖是因为他发现了蛋白质在体内传输和导向的机理,即蛋白质带有控制其在细胞中     

从诺贝尔奖的评奖制度说起——为纪念诺贝尔奖颁奖100周年而作

与诺贝尔奖评选的“无条件提名-投票制”相比,中国的科学技术评奖制度是一种“有条件申报-评审制”。诺贝尔评奖制度反映了一个时期世界的主流价值观,具有共文化性的特点;中国的评奖制度因为其评奖条件超越了科学技术本身而不具备共文化性的特点。为使我国的科学技术工作跻身于世界先进行列,必须按照共文化性的要求改革我国科学技术的评奖制度。     

关于诺贝尔文学奖的调查

诺贝尔文学奖,自1901年第一次颁发给法国诗人普吕多姆以后,如今进入了第一百个年头。在全世界名目繁多的各种文学奖项中,这一奖项因为遴选程序的严格,奖金数额的巨大,延续时间的持久,获奖作家分布地区的广泛,已经成为一项最引     

站在“庐山”之外看“庐山”——金日光教授对近日“杨振宁争议”的看法

2011年7月2日,南都周刊发表了诺贝尔奖获得者杨振宁的访谈录．题为《爱国者杨振宁》。此文一出．广经转载．争议迭起。细究下来．这些争议主要集中在两个方面：一则对其冠以“保守的革命者”、“爱国者”的称谓不以为然;一则对杨振宁先生和李政道先生所获得的诺贝尔奖项——”在弱作用力领域宇称不守恒”的科学性产生质疑。     

屠呦呦:中国第一位获得诺贝尔的科学奖

正瑞典当地时间2015年12月10日下午4点30,中国科学家屠呦呦研究员从瑞典国王卡尔十六世·古斯塔夫手中接过诺奖奖章和证书,获颁2015诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。成为首获科学类诺贝尔奖的中国人。46年的坚守,让这位85岁的老人为中国赢得了世界的尊重。屠呦呦是第一位获得诺贝尔科学奖项的中国本土科学家、第一位获得诺贝尔生理医学奖的华人科学家,是中国医学界迄今为止获得的最高奖项,也是中医药成果获得的最高奖项。她的研究成果青蒿素,这种药品可以有效降低疟疾     

诺贝尔奖对我国青年人才培育政策的启示

诺贝尔自然科学奖是世界公认的最高科学奖项。一个国家获得诺贝尔科学奖的次数一定程度上反映了该国在世界范围内的科学地位、实力和形象,也是一个国家科学成就和创新能力的重要标志。研究历届诺贝尔自然科学奖得主的成长经历,可以为我国培养杰出科研人才提供参考和启示。     

诺贝尔自然科学奖106年回眸

诺贝尔奖到今天已经走过了106个年头,在一个多世纪的历史中,诺贝尔奖已经成为自然科学和社会科学事业中最受人类关注和重视的奖项。世界各国的科学家、文学家和社会活动家都以获得诺贝尔奖为最高荣誉。无论他们属于哪个国家、民族或地区,获奖者肯定是全人类的精英,毫无疑问会受到全世界人民的拥护和爱戴。诺贝尔奖之所以有如此高的威望,最根本的原因是诺贝尔委员会坚持把公允、理想和平等放在首位,将荣誉颁发给"世界上最有成就的人"、"为人类作出杰出贡献的人"。诺贝尔自然科学奖在106年历史中,已经产生了极大的影响,每一位获奖者的研究项目,都对世界科学的进步、人类的发展起了极大的推动作用。     

书架上下的话题

乙酉到丙成、丁亥三年间,安徽省先后举办了纪念黄宾虹诞辰百四十周年及首届黄宾虹美术奖项评奖活动。此两项活动邀请了全国部分美术院校的教授及相关专家、学者到会。王伯敏先生因抱病缺席,本是件很平常的事情,可有些好事者却在活动期间散布一些不实之辞,造成对王伯敏先生在皖的一些不良影响。     

一个敢于对诺贝尔化学奖成果“说不”的中国人——访南开大学化学学院教授朱晓晴

随着2014年诺贝尔各项奖的陆续揭晓,再次将国人的"诺贝尔情结"燃烧起来。众所周知,诺贝尔奖是根据瑞典化学家阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔的遗嘱于1901年设立的奖项,主要表彰那些对科学和社会做出卓越贡献的人士。悠悠110余载,诺贝尔科学奖已然成为世界上公认的最顶级、最权威、代表国际上最高学术水平的科学奖项,其权威性和神圣性不可侵犯。但就在2013年,我国化学工作者、南开大学教授朱晓晴连发三篇科学论文,否定了1992年诺贝尔化学奖成果Marcus电子转移理论的科学性。这一研究成果的出现给那些至今还在盲目追求迷信学术权威的人一声响亮的警钟。为了弘扬这种敢于和权威"说不"的勇敢精神,鼓舞国人永攀科技高峰,本刊记者黄鑫日前专访了南开大学朱晓晴教授。以下是记者的采访录摘要(经过本人审阅)。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence     

Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels

<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese     

More than Skin Deep – Understand Skin Biology by Means of Dermatogenomics

<正>The Paul Gerson Unna Research Group on Dermatogenomics was founded in October 2012 at the Partner Institute for Computational Biology.The ultimate goal of the group is to understand the biology of skin and skin appendages.