大学本科研究性学习的层次性体现

大学本科研究性学习既是大学本科教育中的学习方式,又是学习发展环节。大学本科研究性学习的实施可以在教学过程中分层次体现,即在“第一课堂”的教学计划进程的宏观层次、课程教学的中观层次、课堂和作业的微观层次,和“第二课堂”教学层次中体现。若干实践形成的个案模式是支持这一层次性体现观点的事实依据。     

大学本科研究性学习的内涵与特征

大学本科研究性学习既是学习方式,又是过渡性学习发展环节。它是在教师指导下,以学生作为主体从事的以学习和发展为目的的研究活动,是体现从“学习科学真理的认识过程”到“发现科学真理的认识过程”的过渡性认识发展环节,是教学从“教”到“不需要教”的中间转化环节。     

研究性学习在不同教育层次的比较

由于知识、学生发展水平的不同,研究性学习在不同教育层次中具有“同中的不同”。其“同”主要体现在:都是教学过程中基于研究的、体现发现科学真理认识过程的、与接受性学习构成教学过程中互为依托的学习方式和认识发展环节;其“不同”主要体现在:随着教育层次由低到高的推进,研究性学习表现出由“个体研究”向“类研究”、“个体创新”向“类创新”不断演进的过程,从而在不同教育层次中体现出不同的形态和不同的地位。     

科研引入教学过程经典理念之贯彻

洪堡大学理念体现在大学教学过程中, 就是“科学研究引入教学过程”的理念。其体现在“教”上,就是研究成果引入教学内容和使教学过程具有探索性;体现在“学”上,就是大学本科研究性学习。     

研究性学习在中学数学教学中的体现与应用探析

广义研究性学习既是一种学习观,又是一种课程观.中学数学教学中的研究性学习,实质是在社会建构主义教育观下,学生自主学习数学知识并形成能力的过程.研究性学习并不是否定接受式学习与讲授式教学.作为一种学习观,研究性学习体现了“学生为本、学生发展为本、发展学生创新能力为本”的教学理念.     

诱思探究促学生思维能力的发展

张熊飞教授在《诱思探究学科教学论》中明确指出：思维——取之不竭的能源。也就是说,学生的学习过程最核心、最首要的任务,就是学会思维,发展创造性的思维。这也是素质教育的基本要求。在教学过程中培养学生的思维能力可以使学生从有限的知识中发展出“无限的”知识。思维加工是学习过程的核心环节,是体现学习行为的主要标志,也是完成学习任务的根本途径和保证。每个学生都是独立的个体,     

浅谈探究性学习在高中生物教学中的运用

在落实素质教育和推动新课程改革的过程中,各种创造性教学策略备受关注,为了更好地体现教学的本质要求,许多教师站在宏观发展的角度,立足于学生个性化成长发展的实际条件,不断革新传统的教学策略和教学手段,其中探究式教学在教学实践的过程中备受好评。为了实现教学质量和教学效率的提升,许多教师结合目前教育改革的实施条件,将不同的教学环节与探究性学习相结合,为学生的良性成长和发展营造良好的外部空间。     

认知学习方法在新闻学教学改革中的研究与实践

在大学本科的教学过程中,教师应该尊重教育教学规律,了解、掌握学生的特点和专业的需求,不断探索课程改革的新鲜方式和方法。认知学习方法为新闻学教学提供了很多有益借鉴和启示。     

水利工程专业毕业设计中的师生互馈探析

大学本科毕业设计是本科学习阶段最后一个教学环节,也是最重要的一个实践环节。因此本科毕业设计在整个大学实践教学过程中具有举足轻重的地位。以水利工程本科毕业设计为例,总结理清了在本科毕业设计过程中师生之间教与学的互馈关系,即教与学的先后逻辑关系。本文对今后进行大学本科毕业设计教学改革具有借鉴和指导意义。     

解构:语文教学“否定之否定”的哲学思考与实践探索

语文学习是一个由简单到复杂、螺旋式发展的过程,必然要经历"否定"与"否定之否定"的阶段。解构,正是儿童基于自身的认识水平,建构语文素养过程中"否定之否定"的核心环节。解构教学有利于打破平铺直叙的教学节奏,活化一成不变的惯性教学流程,激发生成,激活思维,促进儿童深层理解文本内容、融会学习策略、洞见表达密码,有效提升语文能力,给课堂带来曲径通幽的美感与惊喜。     

大学生英语学习感知倾向调查研究

学习感知倾向是学习者个体差异因素之一,而学习的感知模式是学习风格的分类之一。由于个体通过不同的方式对信息进行感知和处理,所以,在安排教学方法时,学习风格是需要考虑的一个重要因素。而学生对自己在什么情况下能达到最好学习效果的分析不准确也可能导致事倍功半。因此,本文中作者主要对大学生在英语学习过程中所表现出来的感知倾向结果进行讨论,分析其特点,同时提出促进英语学习的建议。     

The Development of a Comprehensive and Coherent Theory of Learning

This article is an account of how the author developed a comprehensive understanding of human learning over a period of almost 50 years. The learning theory includes the structure of learning, different types of learning, barriers of learning as well as how individual dispositions, age, the learning environment and general social and societal conditions influence learning possibilities. All this started when the author, aged 27, broke off his career as a travel agent and joined a course for matriculation at the university. He found this course extremely ineffective and got the idea that a firm knowledge about how human learning takes place might be a starting point for the development of more engaging and effective learning, teaching, schooling and education. Over the years, he gathered inspiration from a broad range of learning theorists such as Piaget, Rogers, Ausuble, Leithäuser, Schön, Kolb, Furth, Mezirow, Kegan and his own Danish instructor, Thomas Nissen. But the theory was built up as his own structure by critically adding new elements from the examination of other theories and carefully analysing experience from teaching, supervising and observing learning courses at all levels from primary school to adult education and university studies.     

适应新的发展取向的学习类型多样化探讨

我国现行的学习概念主要是指“书本知识学习”,这种单一的学习类型观造成学生身心发展极端片面。为适应新课程改革倡导的新的发展取向的要求,我们应建立学习类型多样化的观念。区别于心理学主要从学习的结果和机制划分学习的类型,我们可以根据人的生活所面对的活动对象或领域的不同,将学习划分为符号学习、交往学习、操作学习、观察学习、反思学习等类型。不同类型的学习对于学生身心发展具有不同的价值,同时也存在各自的局限性。为了促进学生身心素质的全面发展,应该实现学习类型的多样化,以达到不同类型学习发展功能的互补和配合。     

A Study of Status and Improvement of College Freshmen in Certain Skills of English Composition

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the differential emotional reactions of students to positive, neutral, and negative affect in nonverbal teacher behavior. Responses were studied across two grade levels and across race. A stratified random sample of 120 students was selected and randomly assigned to experimental conditions. Emotional reactions were measured by a semantic differential. Analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc tests showed that black second graders evaluated the neutral teacher most positively, while white second graders and sixth graders of both races tended to evaluate the positive teacher most positively.     

How an orientation to learning influences the expansive–restrictive nature of teacher learning and change

This study examined teachers’ learning situated in a school to reveal factors that support and hinder learning in the workplace. The investigation analyzed teachers’ orientation to learning, examining beliefs, practices, and experiences about teachers’ learning in relation to change in the workplace. A hypothesis is that teacher learning and change is complex and unable to be fully understood outside of practice. Evidence is provided on the factors and forms of learning activities that appear to strengthen an expansive learning environment and those which contribute to a more restrictive learning environment. A distinctive finding was that teachers’ orientation to learning is related to self-reported change. Another promising finding with the potential of better understanding the interrelated combination of how teachers’ beliefs, practices, and workplace factors influence change was related to dissonance for learning. The implications for practice involved determining how to continue to support and strengthen an expansive workplace learning environment.     

Imagining, seeking, inventing: the future of learning and the emerging discovery networks

Extrapolating from current developments in the study of learning and imagining how learning might be shaped moving forward, this article considers 12 trends concerning the future of learning. Learning will become more diverse, more contextual, less discipline-bound, and less institutionally-bound. It will span professional and institutional sectors, and move beyond national borders. It will move increasingly online and extend beyond humans to encompass machines and machine/human blends. It will become more interactive, more distributed, and more biologically connected. Drawing on an understanding of these trends, new roles for teachers and for educational institutions are developed. The result is that learning is likely to occur through multiple discovery networks that blend research and teaching to address real world problems in environments supported by robust software infrastructures. Multiple nested discovery networks will operate on a global scale and be negotiated by individual learners sometimes guided by teachers. Prediction is very difficult, especially about the future—Niels Bohr The future is already here - it’s just unevenly distributed—William Gibson The best way to predict the future is to invent it—Alan Kay     

学生眼里的在线教学:行为、效果与挑战——基于新冠疫情期间清华大学学生在线学习行为调查

本研究从"行为-效果"两个维度设计了调查问卷,并从清华大学2020年春季学期参加在线学习的本科生和研究生中随机抽样,调查学生在线学习的行为特征、学习效果和主要挑战。研究发现,疫情期间的在线教学总体上取得预期成效,学生的学习行为表现出较强的适应性和可控性,但不同群体的学生存在差异。在线学习也面临一些挑战:生生互动减少、居家学习效率低、学习专注力不够、动作技能训练欠缺等问题需要引起关注。建议未来的在线教学,在外部条件保障不减的前提下,注重激发学生学习的内在动力、提升学生的自主学习能力,并通过完善支架教学、鼓励朋辈学习等方式促进学生学习参与。     

学习究竟是什么？——多学科视野中的学习研究论纲

学习是当代多学科共同探索的前沿和热门话题,而且成为关心人类命运的企业家和政治家们所必须面对的重大课题,由此推动着全球范围内创建学习型组织和学习化社会的时代潮流一本文从中国文化传统和西方心理学对学习概念的两种解读入手,剖析了目前学习理论的成就与局限性,然后将学习研究的视野从微观扩展到宏观,从个体扩展到团队与社会,分别从教育哲学、管理科学、教育技术学、历史哲学和哲学人类学的广阔视野,对人类学习活动进行了理论探索,提出并论证了与生产方式同一层次的“学习方式”范畴,提出“学习是人类自身再生产的社会实践活动”,“学习的本质是人类个体和人类整体的自我意识与自我超越”,认为“发展自身的人类学习能力同改造外部世界的人类生产能力(生产力)共同构成人类生存发展的基础、动力和源泉”,并倡导创建一套能够从历史哲学的广阔视野来透视、解读和预测人类复杂学习活动及其矛盾运动的理论,从总体上认识和把握人类学习活动的特点和发展规律,使我国当前所倡导的“科学发展观”具有更坚实的理论基础。     

How does STEM context-based learning work: what we know and what we still do not know

ABSTRACT

Context-based learning (CBL) has influenced teaching and learning science in many countries over the past decades. Twelve years ago, a special issue on CBL was published in this Journal, focusing on CBL curriculum development. Seven papers in this current special issue on CBL now address the question of how a context influences the learning process. The papers focus on the stimulation of learning STEM subjects within contexts, how the learning process occurs and is enhanced, and the application of contexts in different settings. The approaches, results, and implications of the papers are located in a larger view that considers the question of what must be the case if a student not only engages in the tasks of learning but also succeeds at them. Concerning willingness and effort by learners, the papers draw conclusions about which STEM-related interests of students endure and are ephemeral across a decade, design criteria for maximising students’ situational interest, and students’ engagement with content and context simultaneously. Focusing on the opportunity to teach and learn, the papers reveal how a professional development approach functions to support STEM teachers to develop CBL materials, and how specific scaffolding acts in teaching bring students to more complex reasoning. Regarding good teaching, insights are offered on how metacognitive prompts improve teaching. Centring on the social surround that supports teaching and learning, a comparison of two contexts for teaching the same content reveals which aspects of the contexts move student learning forward. From this mapping, paths toward future research are projected.     

成人英语教学的特点与对策

成人英语教学是我国成人高等教育的一环,有着自身的特点和规律.通过对成人学习动机、学习策略以及学习环境的分析,提出了要充分发挥成人学习的优势调动成人学习的积极性,以期取得最佳学习效果.