God–Mother–Baby: What Children Think They Know

This study tested one hundred and nine 3‐ to 6‐year‐old children on a knowledge‐ignorance task about knowledge in humans (mother, baby) and God. In their responses, participants not reliably grasping that seeing leads to knowing in humans (pre‐representational) were significantly influenced by own knowledge and marginally by question format. Moreover, knowledge was attributed significantly more often to mother than baby and explained by agent‐based characteristics. Of participants mastering the task for humans (representational), God was largely conceived as ignorant “man in the sky” by younger and increasingly as “supernatural agent in the sky” by older children. Evidence for egocentrism and for anthropomorphizing God lends support to an anthropomorphism hypothesis. First‐time evidence for an agent‐based conception of others' knowledge in pre‐representational children is presented.     

试论教学艺术的审美性

教学作为艺术,具有两个基本的审美特性:创造性和表演性。在教学中教师有创造性,就能使学生学得实,用得活;教师教得实,演得活,就能构成完整的教学艺术美。     

天台宗的自然审美观

《中国历代美学库》的出版，无疑是美学界的一件大事。在这一座巨型的中国美学的思想库、资料库中，有许多值得深入思考和研究的美学问题。比如，在佛教美学研究领域中，就有不少未曾研究而对今天建构当代美学体系可以提供有益借鉴的课题。现试以天台宗人的自然审美观为例，略呈管见。     

试论岭南文学的文化意蕴与审美意识

岭南学表述特征所折射的审美意识，既反映了本土化的传统命运，又反映在审美视界与艺术维度的自我建构上。从这一角度去考察，就能够为岭南学在深化化特性，增强艺术感染力，扩大影响方面提供基础与支持。     

What Teachers and Headteachers Think about Inspection

This is a study of 14 inspections of primary and secondary schools carried out by local inspectors in five widely separated areas during 1992 and 1993. The inspection approaches varied and in two cases followed the new OFSTED pattern. Reactions to inspection were gathered through interviews with headteachers and discussions with groups of teachers. Teachers’ reactions are described in relation to: the preparation for inspection; the inspectors as individuals; the inspection process; reporting and follow‐up. It is suggested that some of the concerns associated with these issues will be met by the new OFSTED arrangements. However, OFSTED practice may be less satisfactory in meeting other concerns such as the provision of adequate teacher feedback and the organisation of follow‐up advice and support     

评莱辛的美学名著《拉奥孔》

莱辛的关学名著《拉奥孔》，无论是对德国民族文学的建立，还是对整个欧洲现实主义文学的发展，都起到了巨大的推动作用。但是，若就造型艺术来说，《拉奥孔》的观点却是十分保守的。莱辛对诗与画的界限划分不但过分绝对化，而且极端片面，其理论缺陷突出地表现为过分强调诗的优越性而夸大画的局限性，更准确地说，是为了强调诗的优越而夸大了画的局限。如果说莱辛通过画与诗界限的划分为诗乃至整个欧洲的文学开辟了通往现实主义道路的话，那么，这种划分对造型艺术的发展来说则是理论的樊篱。     

The Kindergarten Child: What Teachers and Administrators Need to Know to Promote Academic Success in all Children

This article describes kindergarten from the perspective of the whole child. Specifically, it reviews current research on best practices to improve children’s math and language arts competencies, memory skills, and the role of kindergarten in beginning science. It also describes the social experiences children have in kindergarten with respect to their academic success. Similarly, it reviews the impact of emotional competence on school success. This article then reviews research describing three major influences on children’s kindergarten adaptation and success (i.e., transition, parental involvement, retention). The article concludes with a discussion of full-day kindergarten programs and their potential for improving the chances of all kindergarten children, especially low-income and ethnic minority children, for success in school.     

审美现代性批判视域中的当代审美文化

当下社会转型期的大众审美文化是异彩纷呈的,也映射出当代大众审美价值观的蜕变。从审美现代性批判的视角,当代的大众审美文化可谓喜忧参半。厘清当代大众审美文化的两面性与复杂性,有利于文学艺术在当代社会中的审美救赎,对大众审美价值观的塑造、社会主义文化的繁荣以及和谐社会的构建,都有重要意义。     

Loneliness in Children and Adolescents: What Do Schools and Teachers Need to Know and How Can They Help?

In this article the author conducts a brief review of the research on childhood loneliness in school-age children and the long-term outcomes, especially in relation to the utility of intervening. She advocates an approach based on increasing social competence, developing mutual friendships and overcoming self-defeating thought patterns. Whole-school or whole-class based interventions are described and recommended. She concludes that all components of loneliness should be addressed, not merely the lack of social skills. She argues that since the long-term outcomes of loneliness are as yet unknown, there is no practical and ethical justification for focusing interventions on an individual. Interventions that involve the whole-school or whole-class are theoretically capable of alleviating loneliness in childhood providing they are not narrowly focused.     

An Integration and Reprise: What We Think We Have Learned

This article summarizes and contrasts the three standard-setting methods described in this special issue: judgmental policy capturing, the extended Angoff method, and the dominant profile method. An integrative summary of findings is presented, followed by conclusions concerning the relative efficacy and utility of the three methods. The article concludes with recommendations for modifying the methods and for further investigations of their psychometric properties.     

消费语境下的审美物化批判

消费社会促生了以“物质审美化与审美物质化”为核心的日常生活美学。它在一定程度上推进了平民话语场和欲望化身体的自觉,但又在消费意识形态的掌控中为新的利益分割、阶级区隔、人的深度物化等提供了隐喻通道,执著其中的人也因此陷入了自恋与恋物的囚笼之中。     

What Young Russians Think about Russia and America

The article provides a comparative analysis of the linguistic and cultural picture of the world of contemporary Russian university students on the basis of surveys of their perceptions of America and the Americans as well as Russia and the Russians. The data that were collected from a free association experiment that was conducted by S.G. Ter-Minasova in 1992, 1995, and 1998 are compared with the data that were obtained by the author during her study in 2015. Respondents were asked to write down one to 10 associations that came to mind for a given concept. By comparing the data between the different surveys, we are able to note how the perceptions of Russian students about Russia and Russians, America and Americans and the reasons prompting these perceptions have changed. The most notable findings are that the following words representing the lexical-semantic group describing financial status were no longer cited in the 2015 survey: “poor,” “rich,” and “dollar,” whereas the following words belonging to the lexical-semantic group describing power appeared on the most recent survey: “war,” “impudent,” “selfish,” “haughty,” “the desire to dominate others,” “cunning,” “powerful,” and “racism.”     

论韩愈散文的审美倾向

韩愈的散创作表现出独特的艺术风格和审美趣味。具体表现有四：一是崇道,要求以传道,弘扬儒家思想;二是抒愤,主张“不平则鸣”,因而他的章富有批判精神;三是尚气,追求气盛言宜,因而他的章富有气势,有一种阳刚之美;四是求奇,标举创新开拓,所以他的章的体裁、形式、语言等各方面都别具一格。     

论翻译审美和文艺审美的异同

翻译“神似”说源自中国传统的“神形”论,它是我国独具特色的翻译理论,总体上反映了翻译的客观规律和创造性,但是主观色彩较浓,因而存在非理性的成分。以“神似”说为基点,比较了翻译审美和文艺审美的异同,认为两者虽然有许多相同点,但翻译审美有其自身的特殊性,如果“神似”审美观遭到误读或滥用,会给译文带来不良后果。     

培养学生认知美创造美的能力是高等美术教育的首要任务

我国高等美术教育受到西方现代主义艺术思潮的负面影响，有些学生审美理想出现偏差，作品荒诞怪异不为大众接受。因此，培养学生认知美创造美的能力。探索建立有中国特色的当代艺术教育体系。重塑真善美的审美理想。对于目前高等美术教育尤为重要。