Explaining Constrains Causal Learning in Childhood

Three experiments investigate how self‐generated explanation influences children's causal learning. Five‐year‐olds (N = 114) observed data consistent with two hypotheses and were prompted to explain or to report each observation. In Study 1, when making novel generalizations, explainers were more likely to favor the hypothesis that accounted for more observations. In Study 2, explainers favored a hypothesis that was consistent with prior knowledge. Study 3 pitted a hypothesis that accounted for more observations against a hypothesis consistent with prior knowledge. Explainers were more likely to base generalizations on prior knowledge. Findings suggest that attempts to explain drive children to evaluate hypotheses using features of “good” explanations, or those supporting generalizations with broad scope, as informed by children's prior knowledge and observations.     

身体美：我国青少年理想身体自我特点

对14、17和20岁青少年理想身体自我的研究发现，我国青少年理想身体自我是多维度的，有明显的性别差异。对男性理想身体，女性更喜欢性感和相貌因素，男性更看重力量因素；对于女性理想身体，男性更重视性感因素，女性更重视相貌因素。随年龄增长．青少年越来越看重性感因素，对男性身体越来越强调力量因素和一般魅力因素，对女性身体越来越强调相貌因素。体型指数BMI对青少年女性理想身体偏好有显著影响。     

自我与注视:《觉醒》中的女性身体叙事

凯特.肖邦在《觉醒》这部小说中跨越传统伦理观念,刻意将拥有欲望身体的女性形象作为叙述性作品的正面形象展示出来。身体意识的苏醒推动女主人公颠覆了男性的注视特权而成为注视的主体,使其试图摆脱父权话语对女性的禁忌建立在社会空间拥有主体性的身份建构模式。然而,身体的自然属性和社会属性的共存决定了自我认证无法在缺乏主体间交流的情况下进行,女主人公的自我认证只能以失败告终。     

浅谈基本体操在培养学生正确的身体姿势和美育方面的作用

本文从基本体操的功能入手,着重探讨它的美育价值,唤起体育教育工作者的高度重视,为塑造完美的型体提高整个中华民族的素质服务。     

Conceptions of the Self in Early Childhood: Territorializing identities

This article draws upon the Deleuzian/Guattarian idea of territorializing movements to trouble the notion of the identity of the learning pre‐school child, produced by developmental psychology, as an individual, natural and developing child as well as the more recent image of the child characterised by autonomy and flexible behaviour. Accordingly, a child's apprenticeship of walking is associated here with the movements of a surfer. This association disturbs the orthodox thought of recognition and representation that makes us define, include and exclude children who do not fit into pre‐established schemes of development and learning. What is created with the image of the walking child as surfer is a line of flight out of a territory marked by resemblance and error. This line of flight challenges the assumption of a theorist of good will, who with the best intentions knows what is best for children.     

篮球和健美操班大学生身体自尊特点分析

采用身体自尊量表对体育专业健美操和篮球两个专选班大学生进行测查，结果表明，篮球与健美操两个班大学生的身体自尊特点具有显著差异，表现在一般身体自我价值感和次领域的三个维度的6个项目上。在篮球与健美操专选班中，男、女大学生的身体自尊在不同维度部分项目上具有显著差异。     

健美操学练中常见的错误动作及纠正措施

健美操课堂教学的重要组成部分是学练,本文对学生在健美操学练中常出现的错误动作及教师在教学方法上存在的问题进行分类归纳,分析其产生的原因,提出如何预防和纠正的措施,对健美操课堂教学有一定的指导意义.     

Beyond Useful Knowledge: Developing the Subjective Self

While not underestimating the value of useful knowledge and skills, it is suggested that education should also develop the subjective self of the learner. A distinction is drawn between an ‘additive’ view of education which simply furnishes the individual with knowledge and skills and a ‘transformative’ concept which concerns itself with changes to more central parts of the learner's self. In developing a concept of the subjective self, reference is made to the Enlightenment notion of the autonomous rational self and the interpersonal or cultural self of the Symbolic Interactionists and Communitarians. Particular attention, however, is given to Heidegger's three categories of entities experienced by the phenomenological self: the ‘present at hand’, the ‘ready to hand’ and those entities with whom we share the experience of ‘being with’. An attempt is made to interpret important aspects of education in terms of the development of learners' growing knowledge and deepening understanding of these three kinds of entity and the relation in which they stand to them.     

持续发展中的澳门特区幼教事业

澳门回归祖国后,幼儿教育事业获得了飞速发展.由于特区政府重视,各项旨在促进幼儿教育事业可持续发展的法律法规和政策相继出台.在相关法律法规和政策的推动下,特区政府教育部门实施了一系列关于幼稚园课程与教学革新的计划.近年来,教育部门除了制定师资的学历规范外,还以各种形式推动在职教师的专业发展.     

Interrupted Body Projects and the Self in Teaching: exploring an absent presence

ABSTRACT

It is suggested that the body in educational research is an absent presence and that this situation needs to be rectified. This absence is highlighted by focusing upon the interrupted body projects of two physical education teachers and the manner in which this impacts upon their sense of self by creating a range of identity dilemmas. The limited narrative resources available to these teachers for resolving such dilemmas and reconstructing a different sense of self are considered. More general issues about the kinds of body stories that circulate within the educational community and the wider culture are also raised.     

在自能学习中培养创新思维能力

创新思维是创新能力的核心，它主要是指一种具有主动性、独创性的思维方式，能突破习惯性的束缚，在解决问题的过程中定有新的创意。创新思维表现为发散思维与聚合思维的结合，形象思维和抽象思维的互补，在创造能力中起到举足轻重的作用。因此，语教学要通过一系列的方法和手段，全力培养学生的创新思维，它有助于学生在求知过程中善于发现，乐意表达，走向成功。教学实践证明，语教学在激发学生创新思维的过程中会使学生产生难以名状的愉悦，而快乐的情感体验反过来又能激发学生的学生动机，诱发学习兴趣，从而为学生整体素质的提高铺路架桥。苏霍姆林斯基说：“在学生的脑力劳动中，摆在第一的并不是背书，不是记住别人的思想，而是让学生栓人进行思考，也就是说，进行生动的创造”。因此，语教学必须着力培养创新思维，促进自学能力的形成。     

"负荷阈"与发展学生身体素质的关系

利用体育教学负荷阈对学生进行教学实验,充分说明合理地应用负荷阈有利于发展学生的身体素质,从而提高学生的运动技能能力.     

寻找自我的呼喊——论新时期以来陈染等女性作家的身体写作

长期以来,女性的身体隐失在男性话语中,失去了自身独立存在的价值。新时期以来,陈染、林白等女作家的创作打破了文学书写的身体禁忌,将笔触深入到女性独特的身体体验,在一定程度上促进了女性自身的解放,对于女性寻回失落在男性话语中的自我有着积极的意义。但是,由于男女二元对立的创作思维方式,以及对西方"身体写作"理论的误读与消费文化的侵蚀,女作家们的身体书写存在着明显的缺陷。     

女性主义视野中的“身体写作”

严格意义上的“身体写作”与女性主义理论密切相关；中国当下的“身体写作”误解了西方女性主义理论的精神，与女性主义理论本身一样有着致命的缺陷；“身体写作”附和着消费主义的时代，在学精神上有待超越和突破。     

Body in Mind: How Gestures Empower Foreign Language Learning

It has previously been demonstrated that enactment (i.e., performing representative gestures during encoding) enhances memory for concrete words, in particular action words. Here, we investigate the impact of enactment on abstract word learning in a foreign language. We further ask if learning novel words with gestures facilitates sentence production. In a within‐subjects paradigm, participants first learned 32 abstract sentences from an artificial corpus conforming with Italian phonotactics. Sixteen sentences were encoded audiovisually. Another set of 16 sentences was also encoded audiovisually, but, in addition, each single word was accompanied by a symbolic gesture. Participants were trained for 6 days. Memory performance was assessed daily using different tests. The overall results support the prediction that learners have better memory for words encoded with gestures. In a transfer test, participants produced new sentences with the words they had acquired. Items encoded through gestures were used more frequently, demonstrating their enhanced accessibility in memory. The results are interpreted in terms of embodied cognition. Implications for teaching and learning are suggested.     

Study of Self: The Self as Designer in Online Teacher Education

In this article we describe our engagement in self-study as part of an examination of design-based research for education. We focus on graduate-level online teacher education as an example of how self-study provided a means of examining deeply our teaching and our roles as teacher and designer in the learning environment. We posit that online learning environments are particularly well suited for self-study to enhance design perspectives because the interactions between teacher and students are informed by personal context and mediated by technological tools. The graduate students in our courses were teacher leaders in literacy or mathematics who were learning how to support professional development for other teachers. Throughout our self-study research we found ourselves drawing upon our previous design research experiences, which aided our ability to engage in self-study: We were part of the classroom system, focusing on our roles within the teaching and learning process as designers of the online learning environment. Three key design principles resulted from our self-study process: focusing on systems of learning and teaching, designing pedagogical tools and products, and using iterative processes. Engaging in self-study enhanced our understanding and implementation of synchronous online instruction, particularly regarding our use of technological tools to enhance student learning and support learning communities.     

欧盟国家发展私立学前机构的经验探究

欧盟国家发展私立学前机构的经验主要体现在四个方面:关注私立学前机构的三大功能,将其作为建设福利国家的重要手段;努力兴办"付得起"的学前教育,为私立学前机构提供政府拨款;通过加强学前教育立法,促进私立学前机构的健康发展;重视国家和地方政府之间的分工与合作.     

在班级值周中培养学生自主性管理能力

通过对我校班级值周制运作过程的总结与探索,阐述了实行学生自主性管理,实现学校育人功能的重要意义,提出了在班级值周中培养学生自主性管理能力的措施,指出班级值周工作中应注意的几个问题,以更好地指导学校管理工作。