移就修辞格辨析的语法学及语义学视角

很多移就格就是偏正结构的比拟,它们很容易跟定语有所省略的普通定中结构混同,"情书"、"病院"等就经常被人误以为是移就格。移就修辞格是形容词词义发展的一条重要途径,所以有时它跟词义的引申很难划清界限。另外,移就与通感两类辞格都是词语错位搭配,二者也经常发生纠葛。     

How Children Learn From Others: An Analysis of Selective Word Learning

One way children are remarkable learners is that they learn from others. Critically, children are selective when assessing from whom to learn, particularly in the domain of word learning. We conducted an analysis of children’s selective word learning, reviewing 63 papers on 6,525 participants. Children’s ability to engage in selective word learning appeared to be present in the youngest samples surveyed. Their more metacognitive understanding that epistemic competence indicates reliability or that others are good sources of knowledge has more of a developmental trajectory. We also found that various methodological factors used to assess children influence performance. We conclude with a synthesis of theoretical accounts of how children learn from others.     

抽象体验中的形容词感觉概念隐喻

文章对语言中的形容词感觉隐喻现象进行系统的梳理,并从认知角度总结出：1.人们往往通过较为直接的感官感受来理解和描述抽象的事物和经历;2.形容词感觉隐喻存在联觉现象并有一定的规律。对五大感觉中的形容词概念隐喻的分析,探明了人体直接的物理知觉与对抽象事物的体验和理解之间的深层联系,并且进一步证实,人类通过隐喻来认知世界,遵照从简单到复杂的规律进行思维活动。     

“物名+颜色词”类造词法的认知研究

造词法不仅是一种创造新词的方法,也是人们认识世界,表达世界的一种方式。"物名+颜色词"类造词法所创造的新词,也表示颜色,属于状态形容词,但它又有许多不同于其他颜色词及状态形容词的独有特色。细致分析这种不同,既有助于我们对此类颜色词的理解与运用,又可以进一步剖析造词法的认知价值。     

汉语维度形容词“高”语义特征分析

“高”是描述物体垂直维度“高度”的形容词。“高”有两个空间义,即维度义和位置义,维度义和位置义本质上具有一致性。“高”本身的语义特征为：垂直性、方向性、延伸性;与其搭配的名词的语义特征为：固定的底部、完形结构、垂直维度最大、垂直维度功能凸显。     

Learning about print: the development of orthographic processing and its relationship to word reading in first grade children in French immersion

As children learn to read, they become sensitive to the patterns that exist in the ways in which their language(s) are represented in print. This skill is known as orthographic processing. We examined the nature of orthographic processing in English and French for children in the first grade of a French immersion program, and the relationship between orthographic processing and reading beyond controls for mother’s education, non-verbal reasoning, English vocabulary and phonological awareness. We found that children showed greater orthographic processing skill to patterns that were common to both of their languages than to those that occurred in just one of their languages. Across both lexical and sub-lexical orthographic processing measures, scores were related to word reading within each language, beyond our control variables. There was some evidence of cross-language relationships between orthographic processing and word reading, both for lexical and sub-lexical language-shared measures of orthographic processing. These findings suggest that children’s attention to features that are common both languages might be one source of transfer of orthographic processing to reading between languages.     

The mutual exclusivity bias in children's word learning

Nearly every recent account of children's word learning has addressed the claim that children are biased to construct mutually exclusive extensions, that is, that they are disposed to keep the set of referents of one word from overlapping with those of others. Three basic positions have been taken--that children have the bias when they first start to learn words, that they never have it, and that they acquire it during early childhood. A review of diary and test evidence as well as the results of four experiments provide strong support for this last view and indicate that the bias develops in the months following the second birthday but does not gain full strength or become accessible to consciousness until sometime after the third birthday. Several studies also show that, after this point, it can still be counteracted by information in input or by a strong belief that something belongs to the extension of a particular word. The full body of evidence is compatible with the view that mutual exclusivity is the default option in children's and adults' procedures for integrating the extensions of new and old words. We present several arguments for the adaptive value of this kind of bias.     

The Discursive Production of the Male/Female Dualism in School Settings

In this paper, the discursive practices through which males and females are created as opposites and through which people become identifiably one or the other are analysed. It is shown how gender is created by individuals and within individuals as they learn the discursive practices through which to locate themselves as individuals and as members of the social world. Particular focus is given to the narratives through which children learn what it means to be male or female, and through which they become locked into (and thus limited by) masculine and feminine subject positions. The special place of the images and metaphors embedded in those narratives in constituting individual psyches, and in setting up patterns of belief and desire organised around a dualistic pattern of maleness and femaleness will be a central focus of the paper.     

"适用"在普通语言和法律语言中的区别

“适用“一词在普通语言和法律语言中都使用得很频繁,但两者的意义和用法有很大差距.在普通语言中,“适用“是合成词,作“适合使用“讲,可以作形容词用,也可以作动词用,在句中常充当谓语、定语和宾语;法律语言中的“适用“是一个偏义复词,作“运用“讲,用作动词,在句中充当谓语.     

“X+上下/前后/左右” 的约量表达研究简

“上下”、“前后”、“左右”三者在构词方式上有着共同点,即由一对表空间方位意义的反义词组合而成。因而,它们均具有表达一定空间意义范围的功能。但随着社会的进步以及人们认知的发展。“上下、前后、左右”不仅仅表达空间范围意义,而是逐步向时间领域及数量领域发展。由于三者自身构词方式的特殊性及词义表达的特点,它们又都赋有约量义表达的功能。针对“X＋上下／前后／左右”这一结构,探究其约量表达的特点及人们对该种约量表达方式的认知机制,同时就相互组合情况及使用频率进行初步探讨。     

时间的空间隐喻表征的理据——一个古希腊哲学视角

古希腊哲学认为时间不可分割,不可计算,难于量化,处于动态之中,而空间是可以计算和量化的,是静止不变的。时空的这些特性反映在语言中就是以空间隐喻来表达时间。古希腊人的这种时空观念也是人类早期时空观念的缩影,为时间的空间隐喻表征找到有力的理据。     

Semantic Constraints on Word Learning: Proper Names and Adjectives

4 experiments examined 3- and 4-year-olds' interpretations of novel words applied to familiar objects in the sentence frame, "This Y is X," where X is a novel word, and Y is a familiar basic-level count noun (e.g., "dog", "cup"). These novel words are ambiguous and could be interpreted either as proper names (e.g., "Fred") or as adjectives/mass nouns (e.g., "red"/"lead"). The experiments addressed 2 questions. First, do children appreciate that the words can be construed either as proper names referring to individuals or as adjectives/mass nouns referring to salient properties/material kinds? The results showed that children could easily make either interpretation. Second, what factors affect children's tendency to make either a proper name or an adjective/mass noun interpretation? In the experiments, children learned the novel words for a range of animals and artifacts. Most children who learned the words for typical pets (e.g., a bird) made proper name interpretations, as did the majority of those who learned the words for certain non-pet animals (e.g., a caterpillar) described as possessed by someone, but only about half of those who learned the words for such non-pet animals not so described. Very few children who learned the words for either simple (e.g., a shoe) or complex (e.g., a boat) artifacts made proper name interpretations. The results provide clear evidence of the role of semantic information in constraining children's interpretation of a novel word, and they help to refine an understanding of what counts as a nameable individual for preschoolers.     

语法隐喻视角的汉语词典名动词实证研究

名动词在汉语语法中一直被认为是一个独立的词类。《现代汉语词典》（第5版）中名动兼类词的调查表明：所谓的名动词这一概念是既不具科学性也不具实践性,甚至还容易导致词类系统的混乱。在使用大型语料库对所谓的名动词进行了专项研究后,发现大多数所谓的名动词实际上是一种语法隐喻,是词类的去范畴化和再范畴化。在现代汉语词典中应将其标注为名动兼类词。     

Word-learning skills of deaf preschoolers: the development of novel mapping and rapid word-learning strategies

Word-learning skills of 19 deaf/hard-of-hearing preschoolers were assessed by observing their ability to learn new words in two contexts. The first context required the use of a novel mapping strategy (i.e., making the inference that a novel word refers to a novel object) to learn the new words. The second context assessed the ability to learn new words after minimal exposure when reference was explicitly established. The children displayed three levels of word-learning skills. Eleven children learned words in both contexts. Five were able to learn new words rapidly only when reference was explicitly established. Two children did not learn new words rapidly in either context. The latter seven children were followed longitudinally. All children eventually acquired the ability to learn new words in both contexts. The deaf children's word-learning abilities were related to the size of their vocabularies. The present study suggests that word-learning strategies are acquired even when children are severely delayed in their language development and they learn language in an atypical environment.     

The birth of words: ten-month-olds learn words through perceptual salience

A core task in language acquisition is mapping words onto objects, actions, and events. Two studies investigated how children learn to map novel labels onto novel objects. Study 1 investigated whether 10-month-olds use both perceptual and social cues to learn a word. Study 2, a control study, tested whether infants paired the label with a particular spatial location rather than to an object. Results show that 10-month-olds can learn new labels and do so by relying on the perceptual salience of an object instead of social cues provided by a speaker. This is in direct contrast to the way in which older children (12-, 18-, and 24-month-olds) learn and extend new object names.     

高职英语教材中的概念隐喻研究

高职英语教材当中,存在多种概念隐喻表达。文章旨在探讨如何在教学中引导学生通过共同的经验体验来体会共通的概念隐喻,以培养学生的隐喻意识,帮助学生更好地理解词汇意义之间的关系,提高他们的翻译能力以及外语交际能力。     

METAPHORS AS KEYS TO CREATIVE THINKING

Metaphors can be seen as analogies which explain new or complex ideas. A good metaphor is enriching and says more than a logical explanation. In creative thinking metaphors are also used to generate ideas. This may be done consciously–as in synectics–or unconsciously, as in hypnosis. A more inclusive way of looking at metaphors is to see them as a part of everyday speech which affects the ways in which people perceive, think and act. Realities and problems are defined by metaphors, although people might not be aware of this, in the same way as fishes learn about the importance of water only if they get out of it. It is possible to speak of a theory of metaphors in creative thinking and problem solving.     

How Two- and Four-Year-Old Children Interpret Adjectives and Count Nouns

We examined the role of object kind familiarity (i.e., knowledge of a count noun for an object) on preschoolers' sensitivity to the relation between a novel word's form class (adjective or count noun) and its reference (to a material kind-property or to an object kind). We used a forced-choice match-to-target task, in which children learned a word for one object (e.g., a metal cup), and then chose between 2 other objects. One was from the same object kind but a different material kind (with different related properties, such as color and texture; e.g., a white plastic cup); the other was from a different object kind but the same material kind (with the same related properties; e.g., a metal spoon). In Experiment 1, children learned either a count noun (e.g., "This is a zav") or an adjective (e.g., "This is a zav one"). Within each form class, we crossed the familiarity of the referent object kind (familiar and unfamiliar) with the age of the children (2- and 4-year-olds). The principal finding was that in interpreting an adjective, 4-year-olds were more likely to choose the object sharing material kind with the target if the target was familiar than if it was unfamiliar. No such familiarity effect was evident among 2-year-olds. In Experiment 2, we employed a more unambiguously adjectival frame (e.g., "This is a very zav-ish one"), and replicated the results of Experiment 1. We interpret the results in terms of 2 proposed word learning biases: one that learners initially expect any word applied to an unfamiliar object to refer to a (basic-level) kind of object, and a second that learners prefer words to contrast in meaning. We consider several interpretations of the observed age difference.