Developmental Changes in Attention and Comprehension Among Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Changes in visual attention and story comprehension for children (N = 132) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comparison peers were examined. Between the ages of 7 and 9 (Phase 1) and approximately 21 months later (Phase 2), children viewed 2 televised stories: 1 in the presence of toys and 1 in their absence. Both groups of children showed developmental increases in visual attention and stable group differences over time. Deficits in comprehension among children with ADHD, however, increased over time. Whereas comparison children’s recall of factual and causal information increased over time in both viewing conditions, children with ADHD showed no developmental improvement in recall of factual information in the toys‐present condition and no improvement in recall of causal relations in either viewing condition.     

Efficacy of an Intervention Program for Attention and Reflexivity in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

There has been increasing evidence in recent years of the need to adapt intervention programs to the specific needs of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The main goal of this research work was to study the efficacy of an educational intervention program to improve attention and reflexivity in school children with ADHD in order to verify the improvements in symptoms associated with ADHD such as aggressivity, social isolation, anxiety, and attention deficit. The sample was comprised of 26 primary school children ranging from 7 to 10 years of age with ADHD. Symptoms of children with ADHD were evaluated by applying the Escalas Magallanes Screening Scale for Attention Deficits and Other Developmental Problems in Children (EMA‐DDA) at two time points (pre and post). The results show a statistically significant reduction in symptoms on the aggressivity and social isolation scales measured with the EMA‐DDA after applying the intervention program. These data supports the potential value of an intervention program for working with ADHD children.     

基于家庭动力学的儿童注意缺陷多动障碍干预研究

注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)是一种常见的儿童行为障碍,主要表现为注意力分散、活动过多和冲动行为。本文基于家庭动力学理论,对ADHD的病因、治疗和干预研究现状以及家庭开展的干预措施进行总结,为今后注意缺陷多动障碍儿童在家庭治疗和干预方面提供依据。     

Early Histories of School‐Aged Children With Attention‐Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder

In a prospective study of developmental outcomes in relation to early‐life otitis media, behavioral, cognitive, and language measures were administered to a large, diverse sample of children at 2, 3, 4, 6, and 9–11 years of age (N = 741). At 9–11 years of age, 9% of the children were categorized as having attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) based on parent report. Compared to the non‐ADHD group, the ADHD group had higher (i.e., less favorable) scores on parent and teacher versions of the Child Behavior Checklist at all ages. Children in the ADHD group also had lower scores on cognitive and receptive language measures in preschool. The findings support the concept that ADHD is a cognitive as well as a behavioral disorder.     

A Methylome‐Wide Association Study of Trajectories of Oppositional Defiant Behaviors and Biological Overlap With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

In 671 mother–child (49% male) pairs from an epidemiological birth cohort, we investigated (a) prospective associations between DNA methylation (at birth) and trajectories (ages 7–13) of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and the ODD subdimensions of irritable and headstrong; (b) common biological pathways, indexed by DNA methylation, between ODD trajectories and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); (c) genetic influence on DNA methylation; and (d) prenatal risk exposure associations. Methylome‐wide significant associations were identified for the ODD and headstrong, but not for irritable. Overlap analysis indicated biological correlates between ODD, headstrong, and ADHD. DNA methylation in ODD and headstrong was (to a degree) genetically influenced. DNA methylation associated with prenatal risk exposures of maternal anxiety (headstrong) and cigarette smoking (ODD and headstrong).     

知觉负荷对注意缺损多动障碍儿童过滤分心刺激能力的影响

研究选取了注意缺损多动障碍儿童34名,普通儿童36名,采用选择性注意任务,考察在目标刺激的知觉负荷高低两种情况下,注意缺损多动障碍儿童面对不同干扰程度的分心刺激时,对其的过滤能力是否落后。结果发现,注意缺损多动障碍儿童过滤分心刺激的能力是否落后取决于目标刺激的知觉负荷的高低:(1)在低知觉负荷任务中,不相容分心刺激对两组儿童的干扰程度要大于面对中性分心刺激时受到的干扰。但是注意缺损多动障碍组儿童受到的干扰效应要大于普通组儿童,说明注意缺损多动障碍组儿童过滤分心刺激的能力落后,并出现在注意选择的晚期阶段;(2)在高知觉负荷任务中,所有被试都没有因为分心刺激干扰程度的不同而受到不同的影响,即过滤中性分心刺激与不相容分心刺激的模式一样。     

Psychosocial Status of Adolescents with Learning Disabilities With and Without Comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Some researchers suggest that having a learning disability (LD) may act as a risk factor, increasing the likelihood that adolescents experience more negative outcomes in many areas of their lives. However, researchers have yet to examine in one study how having LD with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is related to a comprehensive set of psychosocial variables across a diverse set of domains (e.g., peer, family, school, intrapersonal). The purpose of the present study was to address that limitation by comparing the perceptions of adolescents with LD (N= 230), with comorbid LD/ADHD (N= 92), and without LD or ADHD (N= 322) regarding their academic orientation, temperament, well‐being, loneliness, parental relationships, victimization, activities, and friendships. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that LD may indeed act as a risk factor increasing the likelihood of more negative outcomes. The results also indicate that for some psychosocial variables this likelihood may be increased in adolescents with comorbid LD/ADHD. The findings have important implications for stakeholders concerned about supporting adolescents with LD with and without comorbid ADHD.     

Juvenile Delinquency and Attention Deficit Disorder: Boys'' Developmental Trajectories from Age 3 to Age 15

This article describes a longitudinal analysis of the behavior of a birth cohort of 435 boys. 4 groups were defined at age 13 on the basis of both self-reported delinquent behavior and professional diagnosis of Attention Deficit Disorder: ADD + delinquent, ADD only, delinquent only, and nondisordered. Biennial correlates of delinquency (antisocial behavior problems, verbal intelligence, reading difficulty, and family adversity) were traced across childhood. The ADD + delinquent boys consistently fared the worst on the assessments of family adversity, verbal intelligence, and reading. Their antisocial behavior began before school age, escalated at school entry, and persisted into adolescence. The ADD-only boys had normal family, intelligence, and reading scores, and showed only mild antisocial behavior in middle childhood. The delinquent-only boys showed no early risk from family, low intelligence, or reading deficit, and remained relatively free of conduct problems until they initiated delinquency at age 13. Persistence of criminal offending beyond adolescence is predicted for the ADD + delinquent boys.     

注意缺陷障碍儿童的两种亚型

本文对注意缺陷障碍（ＡＤＤ）研究的历史进行了回顾,对ＤＳＭ－Ⅲ、ＤＳＭ－Ⅲ－Ｒ、ＤＳＭ－Ⅳ中ＡＤＤ的分类和诊断标准的变化进行了分析。从行为、情感、社会性、学习、认知神经等方面对ＡＤＤ儿童的两种亚型——ＡＤＤｎｏＨ和ＡＤＤＨ儿童进行了比较,支持ＤＳＭ－Ⅳ中对这两种亚型所作的区分     

成人注意力缺陷多动障碍研究的文献计量分析

采用VOSviewer软件分析2015-2019年Web of Science平台核心合集中成人注意力缺陷多动障碍文献,发现研究集中于症状表现、诊断及评量、病理与治疗,热点为成人注意力缺陷多动障碍与共病障碍的相互作用、儿童研究产生之诊断评量工具对于成人的适用性、药物和心理治疗对成人的应用效果。未来研究可集中在探索该障碍在整个生命周期的变化、后果及干预,建立多维诊断评量模式,加强成人患者的治疗及效果等方面。     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童社会交往问题教育干预研究述评

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童在社交方面存在显著困难,教育干预对其提高人际交往技能和社会适应性具有显著作用.该领域的研究主要集中在注意缺陷多动障碍儿童社交问题的家庭干预、群体干预、综合干预方面.后继研究应扩大研究对象的类型,进一步提高干预的可迁移性.     

In search of a middle ground: the dangers and affordances of diagnosis in relation to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Developmental Language Disorder

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we draw on the ‘dilemma of difference’ to discuss the dangers and affordances of diagnosis within two of the most prevalent, yet under-supported, disabilities affecting school-age children: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Developmental Language Disorder (DLD). The dilemma that exists between denying and thereby ignoring difference on the one hand, versus recognising and potentially stigmatising difference on the other, will be explored and the consequences outlined. Our aim is to achieve a middle ground that conceives of diagnosis as a helpful starting point to enable educators to address barriers to access and participation through appropriate adjustments to curriculum, pedagogy and assessment.     

Knowledge and Misperceptions about Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Among School Teachers in Mumbai,India

Teachers play an important role in the diagnosis and management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). There are no published studies on Indian teachers’ knowledge of ADHD. In the present study, the aim was to assess knowledge and misperceptions about ADHD among schoolteachers in Mumbai. A total of 106 teachers from 12 English-medium schools completed the Knowledge of Attention Deficit Disorders Scale and a demographic questionnaire. Overall, the teachers lacked adequate knowledge of ADHD, with only 49% of the responses being correct. Repeated measures ANOVA results indicated that the teachers’ scores on the three subscales of the measure were significantly different (F = 7.96, p < .01), with the score being highest on the symptoms subscale. In conclusion, teachers in Mumbai need training on general information and treatment of ADHD, with a focus on correcting common misperceptions that they have with regards to ADHD.     

近5年我国神经反馈治疗注意缺陷多动症儿童的研究状况

为了了解2014-2019年我国神经反馈治疗注意缺陷多动症(ADHD)儿童的基本研究情况,采用文献分析法,从中国知网CNKI、万方数据、维普数据中检索到含有神经反馈(Neurofeedback,NF)治疗ADHD儿童的相关论文共47篇.将此47篇文献纳入以下分析:治疗研究类型、干预方式、随机对照条件、治疗的脑电方案以及疗效评估,并从以上几方面探讨相关治疗研究的规律、特点与发展趋势.     

Distinguishing and Improving Mouse Behavior With Educational Computer Games in Young Children With Autistic Spectrum Disorder or Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: An Executive Function‐Based Interpretation

In this exploratory multiple case study, it is examined how a computer game focused on improving ineffective learning behavior can be used as a tool to assess, improve, and study real‐time mouse behavior (MB) in different types of children: 18 children (3.8–6.3 years) with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), or comorbid ASD and ADHD, and 5 effectively learning (EL) children (3.5–3.8 years). The children's MB processes, for example “Errors” and “Reaction times,” were interpreted in terms of executive functions (EFs). Trajectories of averaged MB were compared among the groups of ASD, ADHD, comorbid, and EL children. Clinical groups showed differences in their MB, which were similar to the expected differences based on EF tests. In addition, a case study of a typical ASD, ADHD, and EL child was included in order to demonstrate typical individual MB patterns across time. MB processes might therefore provide a window into the processes of EF (dys)functioning.     

The Body as a Site of Reproduction and Resistance: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and the Classroom

In addition to transferring ideas, one of the primary tasks of schools, as theorized in the work of Pierre Bourdieu, is to monitor and shape bodies. The category of Attention Deficity Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and the practices associated with it can be understood more thoroughly as a way in which schools reproduce a body management system. This article reviews the historical and critical literature on ADHD to show that the classroom has had, and still has, an essential place in the origination and implementation of the category; yet, the classroom context has been virtually absent from the causal analysis. The classroom has received attention from those in the behaviour modification camp, but this approach has reduced it to a set of contingencies between the teacher and the student. More often than not, the biological explanation has dominated thus entirely removing the classroom and its meanings from the explanation of ADHD. The classroom is one of the critical mechanisms which allows for the emergence of the behaviours and the practices associated with the category known as ADHD.     

学龄前儿童执行功能与注意缺陷多动症状的元分析:抑制控制和工作记忆的作用

注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的执行功能缺陷理论已在学龄期儿童和青少年中被广泛证明,学龄前是执行功能发展的重要时期,学龄前儿童执行功能与ADHD症状的关系尚存争议.采用元分析的方法整合国内外近十年的文献,探讨学龄前儿童执行功能与ADHD症状的关系,并分析影响因素.通过文献检索,纳入符合要求的文献28篇,共70个有效数据,...