Fluid and electrolyte needs for preparation and recovery from training and competition

For a person undertaking regular exercise, any fluid deficit that is incurred during one exercise session can potentially compromise the next exercise session if adequate fluid replacement does not occur. Fluid replacement after exercise can, therefore, frequently be thought of as hydration before the next exercise bout. The importance of ensuring euhydration before exercise and the potential benefits of temporary hyperhydration with sodium salts or glycerol solutions are also important issues. Post-exercise restoration of fluid balance after sweat-induced dehydration avoids the detrimental effects of a body water deficit on physiological function and subsequent exercise performance. For effective restoration of fluid balance, the consumption of a volume of fluid in excess of the sweat loss and replacement of electrolyte, particularly sodium, losses are essential. Intravenous fluid replacement after exercise has been investigated to a lesser extent and its role for fluid replacement in the dehydrated but otherwise well athlete remains equivocal.     

Energy and carbohydrate for training and recovery

Soccer players should achieve an energy intake that provides sufficient carbohydrate to fuel the training and competition programme, supplies all nutrient requirements, and allows manipulation of energy or nutrient balance to achieve changes in lean body mass, body fat or growth. Although the traditional culture of soccer has focused on carbohydrate intake for immediate match preparation, top players should adapt their carbohydrate intake on a daily basis to ensure adequate fuel for training and recovery between matches. For players with a mobile playing style, there is sound evidence that dietary programmes that restore and even super-compensate muscle glycogen levels can enhance activity patterns during matches. This will presumably also benefit intensive training, such as twice daily practices. As well as achieving a total intake of carbohydrate commensurate with fuel needs, the everyday diet should promote strategic intake of carbohydrate and protein before and after key training sessions to optimize the adaptations and enhance recovery. The achievement of the ideal physique for soccer is a long-term goal that should be undertaken over successive years, and particularly during the off-season and pre-season. An increase in lean body mass or a decrease in body fat is the product of a targeted training and eating programme. Consultation with a sports nutrition expert can assist soccer players to manipulate energy and nutrient intake to meet such goals. Players should be warned against the accidental or deliberate mismatch of energy intake and energy expenditure, such that energy availability (intake minus the cost of exercise) falls below 125 kJ (30 kcal) per kilogram of fat-free mass per day. Such low energy availability causes disturbances to hormonal, metabolic, and immune function.     

Fluid and electrolyte needs for preparation and recovery from training and competition

For a person undertaking regular exercise, any fluid deficit that is incurred during one exercise session can potentially compromise the next exercise session if adequate fluid replacement does not occur. Fluid replacement after exercise can, therefore, frequently be thought of as hydration before the next exercise bout. The importance of ensuring euhydration before exercise and the potential benefits of temporary hyperhydration with sodium salts or glycerol solutions are also important issues. Post-exercise restoration of fluid balance after sweat-induced dehydration avoids the detrimental effects of a body water deficit on physiological function and subsequent exercise performance. For effective restoration of fluid balance, the consumption of a volume of fluid in excess of the sweat loss and replacement of electrolyte, particularly sodium, losses are essential. Intravenous fluid replacement after exercise has been investigated to a lesser extent and its role for fluid replacement in the dehydrated but otherwise well athlete remains equivocal.     

个性与体育运动的研究和发展

运动个性特征研究是运动心理学研究比较成熟的领域。在长达几十年的研究与探索过程中,研究投入了大量的人力和物力,得出了一系列建设性的结论。本文在浏览了大量当代运动个性研究文献之后,综述了这一领域的研究成果,探讨了研究中的不足和未来的可能发展,从而对我国的同类相关研究提供某些方向性认识。     

Faculty and Male Football and Basketball Players on University Campuses

Abstract

Four experiments examined the influence of observing a correct model (CM), a learning sequence model (LSM), and an incorrect model (IM) on the performance of two motor skills. The results of experiment 1 showed that the CM and LSM conditions facilitated performance on the first 10 trails, but not thereafter when compared to the IM group and a control group. Experiment 2 showed that performance estimation was improved by observing the CM and LSM conditions, indicating that information was conveyed by observing these models. Experiment 3 revealed pronounced modeling effects on a difficult motor skill for the CM and LSM conditions which were sustained throughout the 60 practice trials. Experiment 4 showed no differences in performance between a live model demonstrating correctly and a filmed model demonstrating correctly. The findings from the 4 experiments were discussed in terms of the information conveyed through observation and its function in the development of the cognitive components of a motor skill.     

论武术与魔术的融合发展

文章主要运用文献资料法、分析法阐述了魔术艺术元素与武术融合发展的优势价值,通过魔术的超越性创新思维元素、直观视觉元素、魔术的美感价值元素、道具魔法元素、魔术的神秘感价值元素优势启发对武术的发展契机,通过对魔术元素的优势认知使其演绎出完美的武术内涵价值,使武术艺术化更具直观的三维视觉、立体空间,从而打造武术表演市场,更好地拓展武术的产业化、市场化、艺术化发展,最终为武术的全球化进程提供支持。     

Sport and Mathematics: A Definition and Delineation

Abstract

Charles O. Dotson begins this section by discussing the concept of research reflecting high density logic, indicating that the most desirable research papers are those sharply reasoned contributions with maximal application of inductive syllogisms. This is followed by a critical review of the quality of research published in the Research Quarterly over the past 50 years. Dotson suggests that much of this research reflects low logical density, and concludes his paper with several recommendations for upgrading the logical density of research in physical education. The second paper in this section was prepared by Robert W. Schutz, who discusses the role of mathematical analysis in the study of sport strategy and structure and in the development and verification of theories of motor behavior. Schutz delineates a field of sports studies labelled sport mathematics and classifies topics of investigation amenable to mathematical analysis. He presents arguments supporting the identification of mathematics and sport as a subdiscipline within sports studies. Mathematical analysis in the study of motor behavior, on the other hand, is viewed as a methodology.     

Carbohydrates and fat for training and recovery

An important goal of the athlete's everyday diet is to provide the muscle with substrates to fuel the training programme that will achieve optimal adaptation for performance enhancements. In reviewing the scientific literature on post-exercise glycogen storage since 1991, the following guidelines for the training diet are proposed. Athletes should aim to achieve carbohydrate intakes to meet the fuel requirements of their training programme and to optimize restoration of muscle glycogen stores between workouts. General recommendations can be provided, preferably in terms of grams of carbohydrate per kilogram of the athlete's body mass, but should be fine-tuned with individual consideration of total energy needs, specific training needs and feedback from training performance. It is valuable to choose nutrient-rich carbohydrate foods and to add other foods to recovery meals and snacks to provide a good source of protein and other nutrients. These nutrients may assist in other recovery processes and, in the case of protein, may promote additional glycogen recovery when carbohydrate intake is suboptimal or when frequent snacking is not possible. When the period between exercise sessions is < 8 h, the athlete should begin carbohydrate intake as soon as practical after the first workout to maximize the effective recovery time between sessions. There may be some advantages in meeting carbohydrate intake targets as a series of snacks during the early recovery phase, but during longer recovery periods (24 h) the athlete should organize the pattern and timing of carbohydrate-rich meals and snacks according to what is practical and comfortable for their individual situation. Carbohydrate-rich foods with a moderate to high glycaemic index provide a readily available source of carbohydrate for muscle glycogen synthesis, and should be the major carbohydrate choices in recovery meals. Although there is new interest in the recovery of intramuscular triglyceride stores between training sessions, there is no evidence that diets which are high in fat and restricted in carbohydrate enhance training.     

人类的血型、指纹图形与运动选材关系初探

人类的血型、指纹与等遗传标记与人们的运动能力之间是否也存在某种内在的联系 ,还没有更多的材料说明。因此探索血型、指纹不同运动项目的运动员血型、指纹与的特点 ,有助于揭示运动能力与血型和指纹之间的内在关系 ,并为运动员的科学选材研究开拓新的思路和方法。基于这种认识 ,笔者调查了 8个运动项目、2 84名运动等级在国家一级以上男、女运动员的血型与指纹图形进行比较研究。结果表明 :运动员的血型与指纹图形与一般人比较有一定差异 ,但各运动项目之间差异不大 ,故在运动员的初选阶段 ,血型和指纹图形可以作为参考指标 ,但是 ,还不宜作为运动员选择运动项目的依据。     

海峡两岸体育交流与合作的历史回顾与前景展望

体育作为海峡两岸的经济、文化交流的形式之一，在长期的交流合作中发挥了积极的促进作用。运用文献资料研究、情报搜集、问卷调查和专家访谈等方法，对20余年来海峡两岸体育交流的过程、现状进行回顾与分析，归纳出各个阶段的主要特征；并对其未来的走向与前景进行了客观的分析与展望。     

Cognitive and affective components of challenge and threat states

Abstract

We explored the cognitive and affective components of the Theory of Challenge and Threat States in Athletes (TCTSA) using a cross-sectional design. One hundred and seventy-seven collegiate athletes indicated how they typically approached an important competition on measures of self-efficacy, perceived control, achievement goals, emotional states and interpretation of emotional states. Participants also indicated to what extent they typically perceived the important competition as a challenge and/or a threat. The results suggest that a perception of challenge was not predicted by any of the cognitive components. A perception of threat was positively predicted by avoidance goals and negatively predicted by self-efficacy and approach goals. Both challenge and threat had a positive relationship with anxiety. Practical implications of this study are that an avoidance orientation appeared to be related to potentially negative constructs such as anxiety, threat and dejection. The findings may suggest that practitioners and researchers should focus on reducing an avoidance orientation, however the results should be treated with caution in applied settings, as this study did not examine how the combination of constructs exactly influences sport performance. The results provided partial support for the TCTSA with stronger support for proposed relationships with threat rather than challenge states.     

Carbohydrates and fat for training and recovery

An important goal of the athlete's everyday diet is to provide the muscle with substrates to fuel the training programme that will achieve optimal adaptation for performance enhancements. In reviewing the scientific literature on post-exercise glycogen storage since 1991, the following guidelines for the training diet are proposed. Athletes should aim to achieve carbohydrate intakes to meet the fuel requirements of their training programme and to optimize restoration of muscle glycogen stores between workouts. General recommendations can be provided, preferably in terms of grams of carbohydrate per kilogram of the athlete's body mass, but should be fine-tuned with individual consideration of total energy needs, specific training needs and feedback from training performance. It is valuable to choose nutrient-rich carbohydrate foods and to add other foods to recovery meals and snacks to provide a good source of protein and other nutrients. These nutrients may assist in other recovery processes and, in the case of protein, may promote additional glycogen recovery when carbohydrate intake is suboptimal or when frequent snacking is not possible. When the period between exercise sessions is <8?h, the athlete should begin carbohydrate intake as soon as practical after the first workout to maximize the effective recovery time between sessions. There may be some advantages in meeting carbohydrate intake targets as a series of snacks during the early recovery phase, but during longer recovery periods (24?h) the athlete should organize the pattern and timing of carbohydrate-rich meals and snacks according to what is practical and comfortable for their individual situation. Carbohydrate-rich foods with a moderate to high glycaemic index provide a readily available source of carbohydrate for muscle glycogen synthesis, and should be the major carbohydrate choices in recovery meals. Although there is new interest in the recovery of intramuscular triglyceride stores between training sessions, there is no evidence that diets which are high in fat and restricted in carbohydrate enhance training.     

花样滑冰单双人新旧裁判评价系统优缺点的比较

规则是竞赛的基础,对于花样滑冰项目发展来说,从6．0系统到新系统是个巨大的变化,通过对文献的研究,从规则产生、沿革、分数的性质、技术与艺术在2个系统中的关系与权重、成绩计算等多方面对国际规则新、旧裁判系统进行探讨,发现新裁判系统的不足和存在的问题,认为：技术分应设上限,并与节目内容分等值;应该重新考虑裁判员的职责与分工;应探讨更为合理的成绩计算方法,为花样滑冰运动更好地适应规则,取得更优异的运动成绩提供参考。     

Three team and organisational culture myths and their consequences for sport psychology research and practice

ABSTRACT

In this article, three prevailing myths about team and organisational culture – an increasingly popular topic in applied sport psychology research and practice – are identified, reviewed and challenged. These are; that culture is characterised only by what is shared, that culture is a variable and therefore something that a particular group has, and that culture change involves moving from the old culture to an entirely new one. We present a challenge to each myth through the introduction of alternative theoretical and empirical material and discuss the implications for sport psychology research and practice. The intent of this endeavour is to stimulate debate on how to best conceptualise and study culture. More broadly, we aim to encourage sport psychologists to consider team and organisational culture in new and/or varied ways, beyond current conceptualisations of consensus, clarity, integration and as a management tool to facilitate operational excellence and on-field athletic success.     

创新教育与终身体育

21世纪激烈的竞争需要创造性思维和创造性人才,加强创造力培养,尤其在高层人才的创造性培养上,是对人才培养提出的强烈要求。在分析创新教育与终身体育关系的基础上,对高校体育实现创新教育问题进行探讨,提出若干相关的构思与举措。     

Complex and nonlinear pedagogy and the implications for physical education

There is increasing support to describe and examine the teaching of game skills in physical education from a complex and nonlinear perspective. The emergence of game behaviours as a consequence of the dynamic interactions of the learner, the game environment and the task constraints within the game context highlights the nonlinear and complex nature of how learning of game skills can occur. While there is increasing recognition that teaching and learning should be seen from a complex and nonlinear perspective, the challenge is to provide teachers with ideas on how to deliver lessons and activities that are underpinned by specific pedagogical practices from this perspective and in alignment with emerging curricular guidelines. In this paper, key features of complex and nonlinear pedagogy are discussed and exemplified through a Singaporean PE context. Practical implications are shared on how lessons/activities (soccer) based on aspects of complex and nonlinear pedagogy can be delivered in the school.     

科技全球化与我国体育科技发展的思路

全球化是体育科技发展的必然趋势，这对我国体育运动的发展既是机遇又是挑战。我们应借科技全球化之利，理清我国体育科技发展思路。努力提升我国体育科技水平。力争在以科技为主的竞争中占据主动地位，为我国体育事业的发展做出更大贡献。     

Interpretive and critical research in sport and physical education

Qualitative research encompasses two distinct approaches, interpretive research and critical research. Locke has provided an excellent review of the assumptions and methods of interpretive research. His article provides an important service to the field by informing the broad range of scholars within physical education about this growing area of research. The one weakness of his review is that it may not emphasize sufficiently the need to ground qualitative research in an understanding of the social sciences so that the researcher can provide an adequate context for the interpretation of data. Locke limits his review primarily to the interpretive approach and mentions critical theory only briefly, a decision that seems appropriate in an introductory tutorial. Most of the qualitative research being done in sport and physical education is interpretive, not critical. However, a few of the researchers in this area seem to be moving toward a critical perspective. Therefore, this article attempted to provide a brief overview of critical qualitative research.     

Effective force and economy of triathletes and cyclists

The effective force applied on the crank, the index of pedalling effectiveness, and the economy of movement at 60, 75, 90, and 105 rev/min cadences were examined in nine cyclists and eight triathletes. Tests were performed on two days. Maximal oxygen uptake was measured and the second ventilatory threshold was estimated on day 1 using a stationary bicycle. On day 2, the four different cadences were tested at about 5% below the second ventilatory threshold. A strain gauge instrumented clip-less pedal mounted on the bicycle enabled us to measure the normal and tangential forces exerted on the pedal, while the pedal and crank angles were monitored with the aid of a video system. Based on this information, the effective force and the index of pedalling effectiveness were calculated. Cyclists produced significantly more effective force and a higher index of pedalling effectiveness at 60 and 75 rev/min and were significantly more economic at all cadences than triathletes. The significant and positive correlation between effective force and economy at all cadences suggests that improvement of the effective force would reflect on economy.