郭有守:中国早期电化教育的行政推动者

郭有守是我国早期电化教育的先驱,他以行政官员这一独特身份推动着早期电化教育的发展。他起草并发布第一部电影法令《电影检查法》,开创依法治理教育电影之先河;他发起、筹备中国第一个电化教育组织——中国教育电影协会,并成为该协会的实际领导者;他撰写《中国教育电影协会成立史》、《二十二年之国产电影》、《我国之教育电影运动》等多篇文章,为后人留下珍贵的史实资料。郭有守的教育电影观及其推动教育电影发展而采取的种种行动,对我们如何充分利用行政力量、如何处理"国际化"与"本土化"的关系、如何营造良好的媒体环境等,都有很好的启示作用。     

You've Read the Book, Now Make the Film: Moving Image Media, Print Literacy and Narrative

This paper outlines findings from a pilot project undertaken by the Centre for Research on Literacy and the Media, a joint initiative by the British Film Institute and King's College London, School of Education. The project involved a group of primary school pupils adapting a text from a print into a moving image medium, and then examined the impact of this translation on their print literacy. The results suggest that informed practical use of media can have benefits for the literacy development of Key Stage 2 pupils. A possible basis for the correlation is explored taking as its focus ‘narrative structure’.     

Educational films in the classroom: Increasing the benefit

Educational films for children aim to impart knowledge about a certain topic. In the present paper, it is investigated how much and what kind of information children can remember from educational films and how knowledge acquisition through films could be enhanced. The studies described here were designed to test the hypothesis that children's memory for an educational film, especially their memory for important aspects, can be enhanced by providing domain-specific prior knowledge in a School Lesson, compared to repeated watching and to single watching. In a pilot study, importance ratings were gathered from adults for the questions used in children's memory interview in order to define central and non-central questions. A total of 175 8- and 10-year-old children participated and were randomly assigned to a Film once condition, a Film Repetition condition, a School Lesson once condition or a School Lesson plus Film condition. Results showed that important information was generally better remembered than unimportant information. Participants in the Film Repetition condition and in the School Lesson plus Film condition performed equally well and significantly better than those in the Film once condition and School Lesson once condition. Poor performance in the Film once condition does not seem to be due to a lack of domain-specific knowledge, because the Film Repetition had the same beneficial effects as the School Lesson plus Film condition. Alternative explanations are discussed.     

Patterns and styles in the supervision of teachers

This paper is an edited version of ‘The patterns and styles in the supervision of teachers in individual conferences following classroom observations’, which was first presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association at Chicago in 1972. This edition of the original material has been prepared for the British Journal of Teacher Education by George Brown, University of Nottingham.     

Reading about the Enemy: school textbook representation of Germany's role in the war with Britain during the period from April 1940 to May 1941

Much analysis of National Curriculum emphasis upon ‘British history’ has centred upon ‘national identity’. This article argues that coverage of ‘British history’ will inevitably present images of other nations. In developing a sense of ‘Britishness’ pupils will attach identities to other nations. The focus is school textbook coverage of Germany's wartime role from April 1940 to May 1941. In covering Britain's ‘finest hour’ texts present images of the German enemy. These images are explored using quantitative and qualitative research techniques. Images of mindless instinctive aggression by automatons are in the foreground of what I term the ‘German condition’. The means employed by school textbooks to construct these images are also analysed. School text coverage is compared with a small number of established academic histories. These are shown to be both richer and more diverse in character. This article concludes by considering the political and educational questions raised. There are concerns about how pupils will view Britain's powerful European partner. There are implications for curriculum control content ana     

What (a) to do about ‘impact’: a Bourdieusian critique

This paper presents a research‐based, theoretically‐informed contribution to the debate on ‘impact’ in educational research, and specifically a response to Gardner's 2011 presidential address to the British Educational Research Association. It begins by discussing the development of the research ‘impact’ agenda as a global phenomenon, and reviews the current state of debate about ‘impact’ in the UK's Research Excellence Framework. It goes on to argue that a radical alternative perspective on this agenda is needed, and outlines Bourdieu's sociology—including his much‐neglected concept of illusio—as offering potential for generating critical insights into demands for ‘impact’. The term illusio in particular calls us to examine the ‘stakes’ that matter in the field of educational research: the objects of value that elicit commitment from players and are ‘worth the candle’. This framework is then applied first to analyse an account of how an ESRC‐funded project that I led was received by different research ‘users’ as we sought to generate impact for our findings. Second, it is used to show that the field of educational research has changed; that it has bifurcated between the field of research production and that of research reception; and that the former is being subordinated to the latter. The paper concludes by arguing that, despite many educational researchers' commitments to ‘make a difference’ in wider society, the research ‘impact’ imperative is one that encroaches on academic freedom; and that academics need to find collective ways in which to resist it.     

Pedagogical issues in distance education

Head of the Distance Education Division, Central Institute of Educational Technology, National Council of Educational Research and Training, New Delhi. Previous founder director of the Open School of India. Member of numerous committees and commissions at national level, in particular, the National Task Force on Broadcasting for Education (1980/81) and the Commission for Teachers — I Task Force (1983/84). Author or co-author of five books, including Open School India,and numerous articles.     

John Macmurray’s Learning to Live and the new media, 1931–1949: learning for labour or leisure?

John Macmurray was a public intellectual and an early proponent of popular education through the new medium of radio. National broadcasting of the time was finding its role in the competing cultures of education and entertainment, and significantly one of Macmurray’s first radio projects in 1931–1932 concerned the issue of ‘Learning to Live’. Here he explored the tension between learning for labour and learning for leisure. Public understanding of education over the following two decades was fostered through the media of print and cinema. Three examples are identified here to explore how this ‘conceptual couple’ of ‘learning’ and ‘life’ were treated: a propaganda film (1941) that adopted Macmurray’s title, Learning to live; School and life, an official report published in 1947; and a commercial documentary production in 1949 entitled Education for living. Macmurray conveyed his ‘applied philosophy’ through public broadcasting even before his major academic publications and his use of radio itself demonstrated its potential for learning as leisure activity for a mass audience. As in radio, so in documentary film, and even in official reports new understandings of education had to be accessible and attractive. Appraisal of Macmurray’s work must include an historical examination of new media in the development of educational discourse.     

The Oxford Verse Speaking Contest

The Role of Speech in the Secondary School. Prepared for The Bulletin of the National Association of Secondary School Principals by the National Association of Teachers of Speech with the assistance of the American Educational Theatre Association, the American Speech Correction Association, the Association for Education by Radio: Franklin H. Knower, Committee Chairman. Washington, D. C: National Association of Secondary School Principals of the National Education Association, November, 1945, pp. 9–160. $1.00.

Speech for All. By Lyman M. Fort. New York: Allyn and Bacon, 1945; pp. viii+336. $1.05.

The Use of Drama. By HartleV Granvilie‐Barker. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1945; pp. 91. $1.50.

Speech and the Teacher. By Seth A. Fessenden. New York: Longmans, Green and Company, 1946; pp. 1–290. $2.50.

Radio Research, 1942–43. Edited by Paul F. Lazarfield and Frank Stanton. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1944; pp. 1–599. $5.00.

Clinical Audiometry. By C. C. Bunch. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby Co., 1943; pp. 186.

Literary Study and The Scholarly Profession. By Hardin Craig. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1944; pp. xiii+150. $2.25.

Speech. By Andrew Thomas Weaver and Gladys Louise Borchers. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1946. pp. 1–5C6. $ 1.96     

‘Come on girls,let's go to school’: an effort towards gender educational equity in Turkey

In many developing countries, women's education has been a highly prominent issue which is not adequately addressed in their education policies. The participation of female populations in education in most of the developing regions of the world has been much lower than the participation of their male counterparts [UNICEF. 2005a. “Report Card on Gender Parity and Primary Education.” www.unicef.org/turkey]. As a developing country, Turkey engaged in fairly vigorous and determined attempts to address the issues regarding women's education [Aydagül, B. 2008. “No Shared Vision for Achieving Education for All: Turkey at Risk.” Prospects 38 (3): 401–407] owing to the support, incentives, and pressure of the international organisations through various conventions in the last decade. The current paper scrutinises one of these attempts, namely, the campaign called ‘Come on girls, let's go to school’ which was initiated by the Ministry of National Education with the support of United Nations Children's Fund and World Bank, and considerably contributed to the increases in girls' enrolment and attendance rates in rural areas and southeast regions of Turkey. This paper utilises the social equity criteria as its conceptual framework drawing from Levin [1978. “The Dilemma of Comprehensive Secondary School Reforms in Western Europe.” Comparative Education Review 22 (3): 434–451] and Stromquist [2011. Educational Equity [Lecture Notes]. College Park: University of Maryland]. The analysis yields that the girls' education campaign in Turkey addresses to varying extents the criteria of accessibility, probability of enrolment, probability of participation, and length of participation, whereas it fails to meet the standard of educational results.     

Obituary

It is with great regret that we announce the death of Gregory Buckland-Smith known to so many of us in ICEM simply as ‘Buck’. He was educated at London University and the Royal Military College of Science. After qualifying he contributed to many journals, particularly in the educational field. On the outbreak of war he joined the army and spent much of his time working on radar. When the war ended he worked with the Foreign Office in Germany as Head of the Films Division. As early as 1945 he was reorganising schools radio in Germany and playing a leading role in the re-establishment of the Institut fur Film und Bild. These were early days in film making also, with films such as ‘A School in Cologne’ and ‘Berlin Looks to the West’. ‘Buck’ also made many friends during this period in Germany and in other countries and was involved with ICEM virtually from the beginning. He was one of our very few honorary members.     

Change in Teacher Education: interpreting and experiencing new professional roles

In this paper we consider the effect of moves by the British Government to make initial teacher education (ITE) in England and Wales more school‐based (Blake, 1993). To monitor the impact of this shift towards school‐based training we conducted a fine grain study of what was happening on the ground within the one‐year Secondary School‐Based Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE) at the Chichester Institute of Higher Education (ChIHE). * *At the time the research was conducted, the Institute's name was the West Sussex Institute of Higher Education, hence interviewees refer to ‘WSIHE’ and ‘West Sussex’. View all notes Data were gathered from questionnaire surveys and interviews. Findings from our regional case study indicate that while school‐based ITE programmes may offer student teachers greater insight into school life, this should not be at the expense of developing students’ analytical and theoretical understanding of education and schooling promoted within higher education‐based work.     

Moving Image Media and Future Literacies: The Role of Cineliteracy in Curriculum Development

The Education Projects section of the British Film Institute (bfi) is engaged in a range of activities which explore the ways in which moving image media might redefine the current curriculum. In the long term our aim is for this work to effect change at policy level by raising awareness of the educative potential of moving image media both as a means of contextualising other subject areas and as an area of study in its own right. This paper describes the rationale behind one pilot project based in a number of Education Action Zones (EAZs). The aim of the project — called ‘Story Shorts’— is to use films as a resource to develop both print literacy and cineliteracy. After an overview of current research in the area of media and literacy, this paper moves on to describe the ‘Story Shorts’ pilot in some detail. It then focuses on some of the theoretical arguments which suggest this kind of scheme may be a way forward for new curriculum design.     

Educational Television in Portugal

Educational Television is a special department of Telescola, an official institution dependent on the Instituto de Meios Audio-Visuais de Ensino (I.M.A.V.E.—Institute of Audio-Visual Aids in Education), which was created in the Portuguese Ministry of Education at the end of 1964.     

Making Movies Matter or Whatever Happened to the Sabre‐Tooth Curriculum?

This paper argues that media education has developed its own orthodoxies that are preventing it both from addressing the realities of the media as they exist today, and from being taken seriously by policy‐makers. The example of Making Movies Matter, the 1999 report of the Film Education Working Group, shows how a policy‐making ‘window’ can be exploited, not only to make new arguments for media education, but also to construct new frameworks for teaching and learning. The report had also provided the British Film Institute with a new agenda for UK‐wide activities designed to develop education about the moving image media. A version of this paper was originally presented at the Summit 2000 conference in Toronto, Canada, in May 2000.     

Strategies and students: beginning teachers' early encounters with national policy

The 1‐year Postgraduate Certificate in Education Secondary English method course at the University of Sheffield's School of Education has, since 2001, asked its students to write an essay of around 4000 words on their initial understanding and experience of the National Strategies promoted by the United Kingdom's Department for Education and Skills. The essay expects a critical, reflective and analytical piece of writing that records the student teacher's developing views on the place, role and value of the National Strategies in the classroom. Using grounded theory and content analysis techniques, this small‐scale study of the 2005 cohort identifies common perceptions regarding the National Strategies among student teachers of English and seeks to categorise these to account for their developing identities as future English teachers. Drawing on Twiselton's identification of teacher types, Task Manager, Curriculum Deliverer and Concept/Skill Builder, and Shulman's classification of knowledges necessary for teaching, this article will argue that the National Strategies and their respective Frameworks, while successful in moving teachers on from the role of ‘Task Managers’, runs the risk of locking teachers into being ‘Curriculum Deliverers’, and not developing the pedagogical content knowledge necessary for teaching English expertly.     

‘Hot’, ‘Cold’ and ‘Warm’ supports: towards theorising where refugee students go for assistance at university

This paper contributes a rich picture of how students from refugee backgrounds navigate their way into and through undergraduate studies in a regional Australian university, paying particular attention to their access to and use of different forms of support. We draw on the conceptualisation of ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ knowledge, offered by Ball and Vincent (1998. “‘I Heard it on the Grapevine’: ‘Hot’ Knowledge and School Choice.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 19 (3): 377–400), and the addition of ‘warm’ knowledge offered by Slack et al. (2014. “‘Hot’, ‘Cold’ and ‘Warm’ Information and Higher Education Decision Making.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 35 (2): 204–223), to develop an understanding of how students from refugee backgrounds make choices about how they locate, select and access support for their studies. The findings of this paper suggest that students from refugee backgrounds do not view the ‘cold’ (unfamiliar-formal) institutional support on offer as ‘for them’; instead they expressed a preference for the ‘warm’ (familiar-formal) support offered via ‘trusted’ people who act as literacy/sociocultural brokers or ‘hot’ (familiar-informal) support of their grapevine of other students (past and present) or experienced community members.     

New Labour's cultural turn: some tensions in contemporary educational and cultural policy

The election of a Labour government in Britain, after 18 years of Conservative rule, has seen the emergence of a new educational discourse, based on a distinctive combination of cultural, economic and social themes. In this article, we identify the components of the discourse, and explore how it is currently deployed in arguments for educational change. Specifically, our focus is on two recent documents: All Our Futures: Creativity, Culture and Education (NACCCE 1999), produced by an Advisory Committee appointed by the Department for Education and Employment (DfEE) and the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS); and Making Movies Matter (FEWG 1999) by the Film Education Working Group, set up by the British Film Institute at the request of the DCMS. Embodying in separate ways the features of the emergent discourse, these texts also position themselves very differently in relation to current educational policy. Through a critique of the reports, we identify some of the broader difficulties of the ‘cultural turn’ in education, and the possibility of a more productive alternative.     

Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education (Revised)

A note from the Working Group of the Joint Committee on Testing Practices:
The Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education (Code) prepared by the Joint Committee on Testing Practices (JCTP) has just been revised for the first time since its initial introduction in 1988.
The revision of the Code was inspired primarily by the revision of the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (AERA, APA, NCME, 1999) and recent changes in testing practices in a variety of professions.
The revised Code (JCTP, 2004) has been endorsed by all seven member associations of the Joint Committee, which includes representatives of the National Council on Measurement in Education, as well as the American Counseling Association, American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, National Association of School Psychologists, and National Association of Test Directors. The mission of the JCTP is to provide "a means by which professional organizations and test publishers can work together to improve the use of tests in assessment and appraisal."
The revised Code is likely to continue having a major impact on the development and use of testing and assessment in education. It is presented in this issue of Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice and may be reproduced in whole or in part without fees or permission, provided that any reproduction includes appropriate citation. Additional information about the Code may be obtained from: Joint Committee on Testing Practices, Science Directorate, American Psychological Association, 750 First Street, NE, Washington, DC 20002-4242.     

Reviews

Achievement in Education: the Work of Michael Ernest Sadler, 1885–1935. By Lynda Grier. Pp. xxviii+267. London: Constable, 1952. 30s.

A. J. Mundella, 1825–97: the Liberal Background to the Labour Movement. By W. H. G. Armytage. 386 pp. London: Benn, 1952. 30s.

The Child's Conception of Number. By J. Piaget. Pp. ix+248. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1952. 25s.

Freedom and Authority in Education. By G. H. Bantock. Pp. 212. London: Faber & Faber, 1952. 18s.

Secondary School Entrance Examinations: Second Interim Report on the Allocation of Primary School Leavers to Courses of Secondary Education, by A. F. Watts, D. A. Pidgeon and A. Yates. Pp. 80. National Foundation for Educational Research in England and Wales, Publication No. 6, 1952. 6s. 6d.

Intelligence Testing. Special Articles from The Times Educational Supplement. Pp. 32. London: The Times Publishing Co. Ltd., 1952. 1s.

A Second List of Researches in Education and Educational Psychology … in the years 1949, 1950, and 195z. By A. M. Blackwell, Pp. 127. Published for the National Foundation for Educational Research by Newnes Educational Publishing Co. Ltd., London, 1952. 21s.