Women,Football and History: International Perspectives

This paper provides an overview of a collection of works related to women and football from international perspectives. After a general discursive introduction, the material discussed has its emphasis on studies connected to women and football that occur outside the locus of established scholarship. In particular, it is noted that the works concentrate on the geographic locations of New Zealand, Australia and the USA, and four major football codes are covered. The investigations are also not limited to women playing football, but female spectators and coterie groups are also considered. In terms of variety, different methodological and theoretical approaches are adopted, and a range of time periods are reflected on. Given the existing state of play, it would seem there is still much to be uncovered, documented and written about when it comes to women and the football codes. The conclusion is that any research agenda that emerges from observations on international perspectives concerning the relationship of women with football will continue to resonate and add value to wider understandings of sport and gender.     

Football Hooliganism Revisited: A Belated Reply to Patrick Murphy,Eric Dunning and Joseph Maguire

In the light of the republication of my original article on ‘Football hooliganism in England before 1914’ in the volume Sports History: Critical Concepts, edited by Wray Vamplew and published by Routledge in 2014, I offer here a belated reply to the counter-critique of my arguments given by Patrick Murphy, Eric Dunning and Joseph Maguire in their article in the International Journal of the History of Sport in 1998. I regard this debate as still relevant to the academic discussion of the history of association football, particularly the concern about the social and historical origins of football hooliganism within an English context, despite the topic being rather less fashionable than it once was. I believe that my original article, and this reply to Murphy, Dunning and Maguire, make a contribution to the ongoing debate within sports history over the relevance of using particular forms of sociological theory (in this case, Norbert Elias' concept of a ‘civilising process’ operating in European history from the middle ages) to explain historical phenomenon. This paradigm, it is argued, distorts the historical interpretation of sport by the use of such a priori sociological arguments.     

Advantage Receiver: Australia and Japan's Return to the Davis Cup after World War II

This article investigates Japan's readmission into the International Lawn Tennis Federation after World War II and its return to the Davis Cup in 1951. In seeking readmission, the Japanese Tennis Association sought support from Australia, where the animosity resulting from recent wartime conflict was particularly strong. The article examines particularly the ways in which the Council of the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia dealt with the proposal for Japan's readmission, and indicates how its strong opposition was initially respected by other national tennis bodies but ultimately mediated by their desire to readmit former enemy countries. The article suggests that tennis relations between Australia and Japan in the early post-war period provided a useful means for the respective governments to promote goodwill between the two countries once the diplomatic relationship was resumed and were an important facet of the history of Australia–Japan relations after World War II.     

国际体育社会学研究进展与趋势:对《体育社会学杂志》(SSJ)的内容分析

运用内容分析和计量统计的方法,对《体育社会学杂志》(SSJ)自1984年至2008年所发表的454篇文章,从研究主题、研究者、研究方法等方面分别给予详细描述与分析。这对于国内体育学者,尤其是体育社会学研究者进一步了解国际体育社会学研究动态及其进展具有重要的学术参考意义。     

非部落时代的部落团体——现代部族意义统摄下的足球观众群落

球员、教练、裁判、管理者与球迷是现代足球的五要素,其中球迷的作用至关重要。球迷与戏迷不同,球迷可以深入地影响球员的斗志,还可以间接地主导赛事进程乃至最后的比分。足球有很强的聚会功能。足球如果脱离了大批量观众,就会变成一种隐私性的个人身体修炼技巧,从而导致其异化。足球恰是通过球迷才实现了从个人隐私到大众聚会的功能转换。足球已然成为一种现代神话,而完成此现代神话构建过程的同样是球迷群体。球迷已经成为一种脱离了世俗干扰的群落,他们就像城市里的新型部落人员一样,构建出一种精神性的世外桃源。     

The Perils of Blowing the Whistle: Match-Fixing in Scotland and Australia, 1920s to 2015

Abstract

Two family stories shed some light on changes in the character and causes of corruption in football in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. My grandfather was a central figure in an alleged match-fixing episode in Association football in Scotland in the third decade of the twentieth century, while I was a peripheral figure in one in Australia in the last. I came across another one while researching the story of the Croatian soccer clubs in Victoria in the post-Second World War years. I also observed very closely an attempt to fix a series of matches by introducing a number of players into a team on behalf of overseas betting interests in the twenty-first century. Reflecting on these cases is a way of trying to understand how the forms and the drivers of match-fixing have changed in the twenty-first century. The three earlier episodes seem very old fashioned in the context of globalization, the commodification of sport, international gambling syndicates, and systematic corruption at the heart of the world game.     

从民间新闻到好莱坞大片：媒体对足球的叙事性干预

足球的原始价值体现在赛场,而足球的社会性价值体现在镜像、图片和文本之中。足球赛事在经过了媒体的多角度辐射之后会演化为一种大众文化。足球的主导性力量是赛事,而其参与性力量则是媒体。新闻报道带有反常性、稀缺性和惊悚性,它和足球赛事的本性类似。足球容纳了假、恶、丑,它构成了足球赛事文化的闹剧效应。媒体对足球的描述展示出现代人的价值选择。足球不仅造就出庞大的观众群,还在新旧媒体的合力作用下实现了戏剧化转型。     

Learning the American Way: Sports International and American Soft Power

Abstract

From 1962 to 1968, the United States Government along with private entities funded the training of athletes from developing nations through a non-profit organization named Sports International. Led by former Peace Corps member David Dichter, Sports International sought to enhance America’s image in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. The initial aim of the programme was to train athletes to compete at the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo. The theory behind Sports International centred on the notion that helping developing nations achieves athletic success would influence them to view the United States more favourably. The idea to form Sports International came in the midst of the Cold War as the United States and the Soviet Union battled on a multitude of fronts. This article argues that American leaders worried about the presence of the Soviet Union in developing countries and sought ways to maximize American influence in those areas. The theory of soft power, a concept most prominently explicated by American international relations theorist Joseph Nye, forms the framework for this study. By analysing Sports International through this lens, this article demonstrates several problems which might ensure should one overemphasize the effect of sport on a nation’s soft power.     

论国际体育仲裁协议的自治性 ———特别述及国际体育仲裁院之规则与实践

国际体育仲裁协议是体育仲裁机制的宪章,赋予其自治属性可据之免除司法机关的不当牵制而最大限度维护体育仲裁协议之有效性。根据国际体育仲裁规则与实践,国际体育仲裁协议的自治性表现为管辖权自治、法律适用自治和地位自治。国际体育仲裁院作为国际体育世界的"最高法庭",以其权威实践诠释了体育仲裁协议的自治特征,实现了行业自治与接近正义精神的两全。     

从古典游戏到维多利亚时代风俗：英式足球在中国的复合式传播

现代足球在中国传播得并不顺畅,足球以游戏的方式深刻地干预了中国人的精神世界,并间接地影响到中国社会的现代化进程。足球在传入香港和上海时,一度有过体教不分离的情况,并融合有书卷气和尚武精神,这种传统在日后却遭遇到解体。足球流入中国有传教士、水手和学校3种动能和途径。3种足球的传输方式都带有一种柔化的文化风范,并有效地促进了中国体育乃至社会的进步,强化了中国人对英式法系的理解。现代足球产生于英国的维多利亚时期,维多利亚时期的英国缔造出了继古典奥运会之后人类体育发展的第二座高峰。快速实现了工业化的英国带动了橡胶业的发展,而橡胶工业对足球内胆的品质改进作用十分明显,足球在中国的传播自然带有维多利亚时代的风俗意味。现代足球对中国的影响主要体现在规则意识方面。足球在中国的传播显然超越了体育规程,具有综合性的社会与文化价值。     

From Butlins to Europe: Fodens Ladies in the 1960s and 1970s

ABSTRACT

Emerging out of the shadows cast over women’s football following its marginalisation by the Football Association in the inter-war years, Fodens Ladies, formed at a lorry manufacturing plant in Sandbach, Cheshire, contributed to a new vibrancy in the game between 1960 and 1980. Emulating many similar works-based predecessors, the team established itself as one of the pioneers of a female football revival and provided a public arena for several prominent international players of the period. From its early days playing charity matches the company team became a regular participant in the Butlin’s Cup, winning it in 1969 and 1970, before beating Southampton in the 1974 Mitre Cup final. The team also undertook overseas tours with team members receiving only minimal support from the company. This paper draws on private personal archives, company records, holdings at the National Football Museum, national and local newspapers, and an in-house magazine, The Foden News, to situate the team within the context of Fodens Ltd and the wider context of women’s football in the 1960s and 1970s. The paper concludes by signposting the next phase of research, which will explore in detail the biographies of key individuals involved in the Fodens team during this period.     

Aboriginal Football in Australia: Race Relations and the Socio-Historical Meanings of the 2014 Borroloola Tour to the Brazil World Cup

Abstract

This paper tells the history of the Borroloola Tour to the 2014 Brazil World Cup, when eight Aboriginal adolescent footballers from the remote town of Borroloola in Australia’s Northern Territory were selected to be part of a tour to Brazil. In Brazil they followed the Australian team from the stands, socialized with football idols such as Tim Cahill, and visited a Brazilian Indigenous tribe. John Moriarty, the first Aboriginal Australian to be selected to Australia’s national football team executed this excursion. Considering that race relations within the Australian sporting arena have historically, been tense and contested, this paper brings to light an under-explored aspect of football in Australia. It is timely too, given the insertion of Australian football within the Asian Football Confederation. The paper examines the historical meanings of the Borroloola Tour through the lens of its key participants; as well as by unveiling John Moriarty’s history as the first Aboriginal person to be selected to play for the Socceroos. In conclusion, it reveals that both the past and contemporary history of Aboriginal people’s involvement in Australian football has an emerging face that will shape football in Australia and in Asia in the coming years.     

Between Traditions and New Challenges: 25 Years of the International Society of the History of Physical Education and Sport (ISHPES)

In 1989, the International Society of the History of Physical Education (ISHPES) was founded as a merger of the International Committee for the History of Physical Education and Sport (ICOSH) and the International Association for the History of Physical Education (HISPA). In 2014, ISHPES will celebrate its 25th birthday. While at the beginning it was a very Eurocentric organisation, it is nowadays very international as seen in the countries from which the members come from. This paper will give an insight into the present state and work of this international sport history organisation. The conclusion will focus on the challenges that ISHPES faces in the twenty-first century.