Horseracing and liberal governance in nineteenth century Leicester

The old Leicester racecourse, which in 1866 was renamed Victoria Park, was a location in which opposing views of the proper use of public space played out. The reformers who took power in Leicester in 1836 aimed to advance liberal governance by abolishing the races and creating a place for rational recreation. For the aristocratic supporters of the races, led by the Rutland and Howe interests, the racecourse was a place for the display of symbolic power, and for exercising the military force of the county yeomanry. In an open political confrontation in 1850, the county interest, supported by people of all classes in the town, won. In the following decades, the Liberal council was reluctantly drawn into direct management of the racecourse and in doing so was reliant on the symbolic authority of the institutions of the county. This article is further demonstration of the popularity of race meetings with all classes in nineteenth-century society, and evidence of the contested nature of the project of liberal governance. It argues that aristocratic interest in urban race meetings as opportunities for the exercise of political and social influence extended well beyond the reforms of the 1830s and points to the need for broader consideration of the role of landed society in the shaping of urban popular culture.     

Physiological and metabolic responses of wheelchair athletes in different racing classes to prolonged exercise

The aims of this study were to examine and compare selected physiological and metabolic responses of wheelchair athletes in two paraplegic racing classes [T3: n = 8 (lesion levels T1-T7; paraplegics); T4: n = 9 (lesion levels below T7; paraplegics)] to prolonged exercise. In addition, we describe the responses of three tetraplegic athletes [T2: n = 3 (lesion levels C6/C7: tetraplegics)]. Twenty athletes completed 90 min of exercise at 75% VO2peak on a motorized treadmill adapted for wheelchairs. The mean (+/- s) heart rates of the T3 and T4 racing classes were 165 +/- 2 and 172 +/- 6 beats.min-1, respectively. For the T4 racing class, heart rate gradually increased during the test (P < 0.05), whereas for the T3 racing class, heart rate reached a plateau after an initial increase. The mean heart rate of the tetraplegics was 114 +/- 3 beats.min-1. The T3 and T4 classes exhibited similar respiratory exchange ratios, plasma lactate and glucose concentrations throughout the test. For both the T3 and T4 racing class, free fatty acid, glycerol, ammonia, urea and potassium concentrations had increased from resting values by the end of the test (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that endurance-trained wheelchair athletes are able to maintain velocities equivalent to the same relative exercise intensity (75% VO2peak) for prolonged periods irrespective of lesion level.     

Physiological and metabolic responses of wheelchair athletes in different racing classes to prolonged exercise

The aims of this study were to examine and compare selected physiological and metabolic responses of wheelchair athletes in two paraplegic racing classes [T3: n?=?8 (lesion levels T1–T7; paraplegics); T4: n?=?9 (lesion levels below T7; paraplegics)] to prolonged exercise. In addition, we describe the responses of three tetraplegic athletes [T2: n?=?3 (lesion levels C6/C7: tetraplegics)]. Twenty athletes completed 90?min of exercise at 75% [Vdot]O_2peak on a motorized treadmill adapted for wheelchairs. The mean (±s) heart rates of the T3 and T4 racing classes were 165±2 and 172±6 beats?·?min^?1, respectively. For the T4 racing class, heart rate gradually increased during the test (P?<0.05), whereas for the T3 racing class, heart rate reached a plateau after an initial increase. The mean heart rate of the tetraplegics was 114±3 beats?·?min^?1. The T3 and T4 classes exhibited similar respiratory exchange ratios, plasma lactate and glucose concentrations throughout the test. For both the T3 and T4 racing class, free fatty acid, glycerol, ammonia, urea and potassium concentrations had increased from resting values by the end of the test (P?<0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that endurance-trained wheelchair athletes are able to maintain velocities equivalent to the same relative exercise intensity (75% [Vdot]O_2peak) for prolonged periods irrespective of lesion level.     

对1989年上海市中学体育课评议的总结与思考

体育课评价所显示的结果,从一个侧面反映了学校体育工作的现状与水平。本文通过对上海市中学体育课评议活动的全面总结,揭示了上海市学校体育工作中的成绩与不足。     

高校开展中长跑运动实验效应的研究

通过探索切合普通高校实际的体育教学内容，尝试开展中长跑运动的一些方法。结果表明：采用增加中长跑教学时数、提高考评比例、改革教学方法、结合晨跑和竞赛等办法，效果明显，可行性强，具有实际推广价值。     

对跨世纪中小学体育教学的若干变化和趋势的探讨

ZI世纪即将来临,如果说,20世纪是物理学和工程学的世纪,则21世纪将可能成为生命科学和生物工程学的世纪,体育教育、教学作为这两类科学的组成部分,在完善人类自身和改造自然的活动中将起着越来越大的作用。随着现代体育教学理论的不断发展和体育教学改革的不断深化,一些传统的体育教学思想、教学模式、教学形式、教学方法正面临着激烈的冲击。如何去认识和理解新世纪的到来,中小学体育教学工作将发生哪些变化？有何特征？是中小学体育工作者普遍关心和急干了解的问题,为此,通过文献资料的研究及对目前中小学体育教学现状的分析提…     

北京、广州、长沙三市中产阶层体育参与现状研究

运用问卷调查等方法,对北京、广州、长沙三城市中产阶层人群参与体育活动的现状进行抽样调查,获得了他们在体育动机、体育消费、参与程度、锻炼项目、场所、影响体育参与原因等方面的数据,并进一步比较分析,提出了促进我国中产阶层体育参与的对策与建议。     

The industrial middle class and the development of sport and in a railway town

ABSTRACT

Increased industrial activity during the Victorian period led to the creation of industrial townships such as Crewe, whose growth was stimulated and sustained by the involvement of the London and North Western Railway Company. As in other townships, the paternalism of employers was reflected in company involvement in all aspects of the social, political and economic life of Crewe and the influence that was exerted on the population through the company’s middle-class managers. Men such as manager Francis Webb and company clerk Thomas Abraham had a significant impact on the sporting life of the town, and this paper explores their life courses to chronicle their involvement. These men were not public-school- or university-educated but they shared similar attitudes to sport with their middle-class counterparts in the South, and this paper uses their biographies to suggest that individuals concerned with the organisation of amateur sport across the country adhered to the basics tenets of the amateur ethos. The authors also reinforce the notion that, while the creation of governing bodies was certainly important in structuring late-nineteenth-century sport, the commitment and motivation of the individual was always critical in ensuring that local sport was played ‘in the right way’.     

中小学体育课合作学习模式的教学实验

随机抽取云南昆明市拓东第一小学五年级2个班和云南师范大学附属中学的初一年级2个班的学生,进行体育课合作学习的实验.实验结果表明:合作学习模式适合中小学课堂教学,能有效提高课堂效率,改善学生心理健康,增强社会适应能力;合作学习对学生身体形态和素质的变化影响不大,但能提高技巧类项目技能;男生比女生更喜欢合作学习,效果较为明显.     

新课改后中小学体育课教案存在的问题

新课改后,体育课教案存在着教案的命名不够规范、教学过程分段过于繁杂、教案的格式过于随意、教学目标缺乏可操作性等问题,导致人们对如何编写规范的教案产生困惑.通过对比分析,对存在的问题进行了梳理.     

America's Cup yacht racing: Race analysis and physical characteristics of the athletes

Abstract

The America's Cup is the oldest competing trophy in sport, yet little is known of the nature and intensity of racing or the physical characteristics of the athletes. In this study, aspects of the physical demands of America's Cup yacht racing were analysed, including the intensity of exercise and activity pattern of “grinding”. Anthropometric data were collected from 92 professional male America's Cup sailors, and fitness data from a top-4 and a lower-7 ranking team during the 32nd America's Cup. Over the 135 races, mean race duration was 82 min (s = 9), with 20 tacks (s = 10) and 8 gybes (s = 3) per race. Grinding bouts were 5.5 s (s = 5.4; range: 2.2–66.3) long, with 143 exercise bouts per race and an exercise-to-rest ratio of 1:6. Mean and peak heart rate was 64% and 92% of maximum for all positions, with bowmen highest (71% and 96%). Grinders were taller, heavier, and stronger than all other positions. Body fat was similar between positions (13%, s = 4). The higher-standard team was stronger and had greater strength endurance, which probably contributed to their quicker manoeuvres. Intensity of exercise was dependent on the similarity of competing boats and the role of the athlete. The short duration and intermittent nature of grinding is indicative of predominantly anaerobic energy provision.     

But I like PE: factors associated with enjoyment of physical education class in middle school girls

The current study examined associations between physical education (PE) class enjoyment and sociodemographic, personal, and perceived school environment factors among early adolescent girls. Participants included 1,511 sixth-grade girls who completed baseline assessments for the Trial of Activity in Adolescent Girls, with 50% indicating they enjoyed PE class a lot. Variables positively associated with PE class enjoyment included physical activity level, perceived benefits of physical activity, self-efficacy for leisure time physical activity, and perceived school climate for girls' physical activity as influenced by teachers, while body mass index was inversely associated with PE class enjoyment. After adjusting for all variables in the model, PE class enjoyment was significantly greater in Blacks than in Whites. In model testing, with mutual adjustment for all variables, self-efficacy was the strongest correlate of PE class enjoyment, followed by perceived benefits, race/ethnicity, and teachers' support for girls' physical activity, as compared to boys, at school. The overall model explained 11% of the variance in PE class enjoyment. Findings suggest that efforts to enhance girls' self-efficacy and perceived benefits and to provide a supportive PE class environment that promotes gender equality can potentially increase PE class enjoyment among young girls.     

Philosophical Kinanthropology (Philosophy of Physical Culture,Philosophy of Sport) in Slavonic Countries: The Culture,the Writers,and the Current Directions

Until recently, English-speaking scholars have had few outlets to review the philosophy of sport literature generated in Slavonic countries. Existing English texts of this nature consist primarily of review essays providing little historical and cultural context from which to understand the development of specific tendencies in lines of inquiry from this part of the world (23,24,27). This article attempts to fill this gap in understanding by 1) briefly describing the cultural history of the Slavonic region, and, within this context, 2) identifying key sport philosophers and their current trends of philosophic thought in sporting practices. It is hoped that this project will better inform scholars of the philosophy of sport research being done in Slavonic nations, will advance new scholarship in the English-speaking world, and will encourage more international collaboration within the discipline of philosophical kinanthropology