Language,Truth, Justice,and Sporting Practice

In this article, we examine philosophy of sport as a field of study in Japan, its history, characteristics, and future prospects, as part of a contribution to the international development of the discipline of sport philosophy. The Japan Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education has been holding an annual sport philosophy conference every year since its inception in 1978. Nevertheless, the trends of sport philosophy in Japan have not been conveyed abroad. The language barrier between Japanese and English as an international communication tool makes it difficult to spread our work on the philosophy of sport throughout the world. The question arises as to whether the philosophy of sport in Japan has the same trends as those in the Western countries. Is it reasonable to assume that it has different aspects and interests than philosophy of sport in English-speaking countries? We will also try to address these questions for our audience     

‘Not Merely an Isolated Game’: Women’s Association Football in Australia

ABSTRACT

Australia has participated in the world-wide growth of women’s football particularly since the 1970s, but long before that the game was played recreationally and competitively by women in Australia. Women have struggled to overcome active opposition to their taking part in the sport and neglect of their achievements which are considerable. This article provides an outline of the history of the game both nationally and in its international context. It also tries to capture the experience of some of the pioneers of the women’s game and its modern practitioners, revealing some of the ways in which overt and covert discrimination still hinders recognition of their achievements.     

Accumulating subcultural capital through sport event participation: The AFL International Cup

In this study, the authors use participant interviews to examine how participating in an international event enabled the accumulation of subcultural capital. The authors conducted interviews with players (N = 9) in the Australian Football League (AFL) International Cup from Canada, USA, New Zealand, and Ireland. The AFL International Cup created a liminal state offering individuals with opportunities for: (a) national representation; (b) international competition and comparison; (c) cross-cultural learning and interaction; (d) sport subcultural engagement; and, (d) authentic game experiences. The resulting experience enabled participants a deeper connection with the sport subculture, which created the potential for sport advocacy in their home countries. Results will assist international sport event hosts in creating meaningful participant experiences that facilitate deeper personal attachments to the sporting subculture.     

发展中国家体育发展的制约因素研究

运用文献资料、逻辑分析等方法,分析了制约发展中国家体育发展的主要因素,包括外在因素和内在因素,并提出了解决问题的对策和建议,以促进发展中国家的体育发展和提升其在国际体坛中的地位。     

‘Dashing about with the greatest gallantry’: polo in India and the British metropole, 1862–1914

ABSTRACT

The period from 1870 to the Great War was defined by a new and more intensive phase of imperialism. Following previous debates initiated by scholars such as MacKenzie, Burton, or Bayly this article analyses the impact of Empire on the metropole. In suggesting that the imperial space was not a one-way street, the paper is going beyond Said's orientalist approach. This argument uses the example of the Indian game of polo. Unlike most imperial sports, polo was adapted by the British from their colonial subjects, creating the opportunity of a common cultural space. How did polo influence socio-cultural and political power constellations in India and the metropole? The paper will provide nuance on regional contexts and the effects of sport on specific groups. Unpacking the resulting interdependencies, ambivalences, and the mutability of polo in the British imperial self-image, the paper does not neglect Indian agency. Polo showcases an interrelation of ideas and beliefs which are used to understand the respective environment as well as the internationalisation of sport. Researching sport in an imperial context and its interactions on a local and transnational level can thus display rising asymmetries of political, cultural, and social agencies in a global process.     

A Theory of Sport and Politics

The study of international relations purports to explain how nation-states and individuals interact around the globe. Yet one major area of such interaction – international sport – remains exceedingly understudied. This in spite of the fact that countries have gone to war over sport, fought for sovereign recognition through sport, and that citizens around the world have it as a daily part of their lives. Indeed it is astounding that a phenomenon that matters so much has been so little studied by a field that purports to explain relations between states and humans around the world. These deficiencies became more apparent in 2008 when we witnessed the world's biggest country hosting the world's biggest sporting event. The Beijing Olympics, though entertaining and exciting, showed how little we have thought about the link between sport and international politics. This article introduces a framework for understanding the link between sport and politics. Its point of entry is to argue that many of the questions about how China portrayed itself during the Olympics and whether the Games marked China's rise as a responsible power cannot be answered without first understanding how sport in general is related to a country's political development, and its sense of nationhood. My arguments do not represent new breakthroughs in political science, rather I attempt merely to offer a systematic way of thinking about how sports and the Olympics matter in world politics through three inter-related causal pathways relating to a country's sense of self, its diplomacy, and its capacity for change.     

国外职业联赛观众服务质量构成维度研究综述

在大量梳理国外职业联赛赛事服务质量的有关研究文献发现,国外职业联赛观众服务质量主要由场馆环境质量、过程质量和结果质量三方面构成。场馆环境质量包括馆内因素和馆外因素。过程质量由俱乐部的员工态度与行为,观众之间的相互影响,以及各类辅助物品质量构成。结果质量不仅包括赛中球队表现及比赛的竞争平衡性,还包括赛前对球队质量的感知及赛后比赛结果的感知。场馆环境质量、过程质量和结果质量三者之间相互依存,从整体上共同对观众产生交互影响。国外丰富的研究成果为我国职业联赛提高服务质量提供了有意义的借鉴与参考。     

The rise of sport in the Asia-Pacific region and a social scientific journey through Asian-Pacific sport

Abstract

In the first quarter of the twenty-first century, the social, political and economic significance of sports in the Asia-Pacific region has been continually on the rise. First, the prominence of Asian athletes at international sporting arenas has become more visible. Second, major global sports mega-events are frequently hosted in Asia-Pacific countries. Third, the Asian sport industry is rapidly expanding. Fourth, international labour migration is increasingly noticeable in the Asia-Pacific’s sport industry. Fifth, displaying national identity is another important aspect of Asia-Pacific sport today. With this increasing significance of sport in Asian society, this Asia-Pacific Sport and Social Science special issue aims to provide a scholarly public sphere wherein sound theoretical, contextual and critical reviews of sports in the region can be circulated. While this yearly special issue welcomes contributions from international academics whose research interests are in Asia-Pacific sport, we also encourage Asian scholars to submit their work to the journal. We are not biased in either direction but simply want to see both insiders’ and outsiders’ perspectives on sport in Asia-Pacific sport studies.     

Sport and doping: from WADA’s monopoly to collective arrangements and new model of anti-doping

Abstract

On April 1, 2018, the new standards of compliance to the code of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) came into force. The new standards impact all sports. An important amendment has been made to an article of the existing code ‘Additional Roles and Responsibility of the Parties’. Now, all international federations and the unions in agreement with WADA are obliged to reject applications for holding all sporting events from countries that do not comply with the WADA code. By then, Russian elite sport remained in isolation because the Russian Anti-Doping Agency (RUSADA) had no license from WADA until a compromise agreement allowed Russia back into international sports in September 2018. The probability of obtaining permanent return to international sport was extremely low. In order to obtain the license, Russian sport authorities were asked to agree with the reports of Professor McLaren and to admit the existence of doping support in the country at the state level, which seemed improbable. In Russia, although the new standards of the World Anti-Doping Agency code have not caused special concerns it directly impact Russian elite sport. Unless certain conditions were met by 2019, there was a high probability that Russia would not be able to attend large international competitions in the near future, including the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. The situation dictates the choice of the new strategy of development for Russian sport and new model for the fight against doping, which can be not dependent on WADA. To date, there have been no real checks on WADA’s authority other than occasional decisions in the Court of Arbitration for Sport. Academics who are critical of WADA’s functions often find themselves marginalized when the purported global doping “crisis” should bring “all hands on deck” to provide a humanistic and scientific approach that is best for athletes past, present and future. The functions of WADA in investigating, charging and punishing athletes do not contribute to sustainable development of sport and the sports industry around the world, and create unipolar environment of influence on sports development. Therefore, in this article, we describe some alternative forms and new order of regulation of the anti-doping relations in sport.     

在中小学开展武术散打运动的可行性形式的探究

武术散打作为我国传统体育项目,有着悠久的历史,是具有实用价值的对抗性体育项目。由于其激烈的对抗性和技击性,出于安全考虑,至今还未能在中小学开展和普及。通过参照国外同类体育项目的成功运作经验,结合教学实践,文章欲对在中小学开展武术散打运动的可行性方式进行分析阐述。     

Living with imperfect comparisons: The challenges and limitations of comparative paralympic sport policy research

In this article, the authors explores the challenges and limitations of conducting cross-comparative management/policy research in the Paralympic sporting domain. The comparative sport policy debate in able-bodied sport has emerged, in part, due to the increasing complexity, uncertainty, and competitive nature of high performance sport environments and a desire to understand why some countries are more successful than others at international sporting competition. The same issues and questions have also emerged within the Paralympic context. As a precursor to establishing a research agenda in this area, however, it was deemed important to begin to address the epistemological, methodological, and practical issues in comparative sport research. The analysis draws upon the broader sociological literature and examples from the Paralympic sporting context to identify and discuss the challenges and limitations of the comparative approach as well as recommendations for mitigating against them.     

游戏的体育:胡伊青加文化游戏论的体育哲学线索

在文化中总是会不时地反映出游戏与体育之间的密切联系,隐藏在历史深处和文化背后的游戏和体育现象是我们寻找的目标.胡伊青加在<人:游戏者>一书中从文化视角探讨游戏的因素,留下了思想的线索,让我们能够透过文字去寻找其中的体育运动,并探访游戏与体育之间的哲学关系.游戏活动是不可能被拒绝的,体育运动却成为人类拒绝的对象.体育运动必须对自身进行思想追溯,对游戏性质和功能的认识就是必要的过程.从胡伊青加文化视角探讨游戏现象,并从社会性活动、身体本能、民族语言、竞争功能、严肃性、西方文明中对游戏和体育进行梳理,试图寻找体育运动的哲学线索.     

Sovintersport and the cashing in on Soviet football

This article focuses on the Soviet sports agency Sovintersport, which was created in the late 1980s and became an import–export company for everything related to sport in the Soviet Union. Sovintersport and its subsidiary companies were responsible for importing and exporting sporting equipment, negotiating sponsorship contracts with foreign companies, as well as the transferring of Soviet athletes and coaches to other countries. This article will, therefore, analyse the operations of Sovintersport and its subsidiary companies in the period between 1987 and 1991, with a special focus on foot-ball related operations. Sovintersport is in many ways is an excellent case study, which illustrates how international trading corporations that were set up during Gorbachev’s reign of the Soviet Union, operated. Sovintersport demonstrates how football in the Soviet Union turned from a spectator sport into a valuable asset that was worth capitalizing on.     

Role Distance in Question: When it is No Longer Participating But Winning Which is Important

The purpose of this study, which follows on from previous work, is to show in what ways sport has surreptitiously changed and become more complex, to the extent that its functioning only imperfectly responds to one of the basics of sport as envisaged by Elias: role distance. That is the propensity of the participants to avoid being caught in the game, which is only a game, defining in this way the social distance which classes sports performers and the relationship of their practice to the contingencies and material necessities of life. The choice of this focal point is another attempt to understand what happens when sport, by transforming itself, becomes more than sport or even another type of sport. In other words, here we wish to discover what makes Elias' model incomplete. Although sport is supposed to contribute to the pacification of social relations, there are still a large number of elements, which in sporting practice, and in its most recent developments, cannot be explained by the theory of the ‘civilising process’.     

新型民族传统体育——西夏“泼喜”旋风炮开发构想

西夏“泼喜”旋风炮是古代攻战武器 ,具有潜在的体育价值和深厚的西夏文化底蕴 ,笔者试图将我国古代这一优秀的科技成果开发为新型的、富有民族风情和传统特色的体育项目能在民运会上表演比赛。研究表明 ,这一构想、创意具有可行性 ,也有着良好的开发空间和发展前景。     

我国一二线运动队经费收入发展变化研究

我国优秀运动队资金收入增长额度以奥运会为周期呈波浪状增长,市场经济的因素是主要原因。财政拨款同为一、二线运动队经费主要来源,增长较为稳定,1993年以后优秀运动队非国家财政拨款逐年增长,但稳定较差。我国二线运动队经费收入总体保持着较好的增长势头,高于一线运动员同期经费收入增长率。二线队伍经费收入在不同地区上的差距不如一线运动队那么鲜明,受市场经济的影响程度要大于一线运动队。     

The Seductions of Modern Tennis: From Social Practice to Literary Discourse

This article investigates the cultural articulations between real and lawn tennis, starting from the invention of the game of lawn tennis in the late nineteenth century and looking at the negotiations which surrounded its birth. It analyses the seductions of the game through a focus on art and discourses around the game, in particular literary discourse. The first part analyses the ‘invention’ of the game and in particular the components of the sport as they were being defined. The second part looks at competing narratives of the invention of tennis. The third part focuses more specifically on artistic representations and literary definitions of tennis. The article concludes on the two aspects of tennis, social and competitive, and at the literature which emerges more specifically from a consideration of competitive tennis.     

足球游戏教学特征与运用方式新探

足球游戏是专修班教学活动的重要内容,也是训练手段之一。它不同于体育游戏,它具有很强的专业性和针对性。本文在论述足球游戏特点的基础上,也例举出一些新的应用方式,并对运用足球游戏时应注意的几个方面提出了自己的建议,仅供参考。     

中国足球归化外籍球员的动因、效应与实践路向

归化外籍球员是诸多国家发展本国足球的重要手段。中国足球归化外籍球员既是建设体育强国、发展体育产业、构建中国特色足球文化的需要,也是适应国际足坛发展趋势、借鉴亚洲足球强国成功经验“冲出亚洲”的需要。归化球员可在短期内提升中国足球的国际竞争力,逐步补齐体育强国建设中竞技体育项目的结构性短板,推动中国联赛走向繁荣,促进体育产业发展,同时,产生一定的“鲇鱼效应”,刺激本土老球员的“求生”本能,带动本土年轻球员成长,吸引更多青少年投身足球运动,夯实中国青训体系。在归化外籍球员过程中,应维护《国籍法》的安定性,坚持“一人一籍”的基本原则不动摇,同时推动3种归化模式协同并进,注重培养归化球员的文化认同,加强顶层设计,谨慎选择归化对象。     

高校体育教学中的游戏教学

体育游戏是体育教学和运动训练常用的教学手段,可以使单调枯燥的练习内容变得趣味无穷,因而受到大学生们的普遍喜爱。通过从体育游戏的特点和作用、大学生的生理和心理特点出发,探讨如何把体育游戏教学与大学生的身心特点有机融合起来,使其在体育教学巾发挥出更大的作用。