Gymnastics and the reconstitution of Republican motherhood among true women of civic virtue, 1830–1870

Between 1830–1870 discourses promoting gymnastics for U.S. women sought to institutionalize those exercise regimens both within families and within single-sex secondary schools conceptualized in terms of familial structures that were defined largely by the dynamics of maternal care. Doing so within the purview of child nurture and coordinated, liberalized pedagogical agendas, those texts encouraged women to assume the overlapping roles of teacher and mother, to supervise closely their students' and children's physical conditions and behaviors, and to inculcate correct performances not only of gymnastics exercises but also of domestic management and manners. In turn, the material, procedural, and ideological dimensions of the idealized mode of femininity those works promoted – true womanhood that had inherited essential qualities of Republican motherhood – constituted both gymnastics students and teachers as the bearers of morality and civic virtue.     

Images of women in literature on physical education and sport: Representations of social transformation in France under the third republic, 1870-1939

Writings on 'the female' under the Third Republic in France provide evidence of the profound changes taking place in the social representation of femininity and masculinity during the period. They correspond to dramatic changes in the socio-economic context in parallel with those in the scientific models being used to describe human bodily movement. This paper sets out to demonstrate both the structure of the discussion on femininity and the practice of exercise, and the possible links with changes in women's education and their social position in France. It attempts to go beyond the traditional analysis of the historical relationships between women and exercise in the period under examination (1870-1939). It reviews the debates on these relationships taking place at the time in France and within the state education system during the Third Republic and focuses on three specific aspects: work, school and society.     

身体的集团仪式——作为权力、动作和误区的广播体操

新中国一共颁布过9套广播体操。中国的广播体操源于日本辣椒操和前苏联供女子和老人习练的卫生操,为弱性体质群体的身体性符号体系。异域体操和中国尚群的传统文化相融合并获得了新生。广播体操曾彰显过时代精神,而其所为女性和老年人设立健身方式的原始功效,却反证了中国当年弱体质时代的特有状况。新时期公司化经营主体的出现,移徙了中国的权力秩序,人们已无需一种整一权力化身的集体活动来体现自己的种族身份,而更具个性化、专业性和针对性的健身运动项目对广播体操业已形成冲击。广播体操在现代经济实体和全球娱乐一体化情境的打压之下已渐失其现代意义。广播体操在失去其意识形态同一性符号化功能的同时,已完成其时代使命。强行在个性化时代推行非个性化时代的群体性身体仪式,是一种带有怀旧情绪的复古行为。     

我国艺术体操个人项目难度价值选编的提升路径

运用文献资料法、数理统计法、录像分析法等研究方法,对2011年＂中艺体育杯＂全国艺术体操个人冠军赛前8名运动员的4项器械的难度得分进行研究。主要以2009-2012年（终审版）艺术体操评分规则变化的特点,对难度得分进行剖析。研究结果表明：中国艺术体操个人项目难度选编分值与实际得分相差较多,而且完成质量差;身体难度得分最好的为球操,其次为棒操和带操,最后为圈操;器械难度得分最好的为圈操,其次为球操和棒操,最后为带操;加强身体难度和器械难度的融合度将成为日后的关注点,合理选编身体难度与器械难度的分值及每个动作的高质完成将是日后艺术体操难度的发展趋势。     

第9套广播体操能量代谢的研究

通过测试获得《第9套广播体操》能量代谢方面的数据,让大家在了解心率、代谢当量基础上,进行争对性练习,提高自身健康运动的意识。课题以南京体育学院非体育专业大学生为研究对象,通过受试者配戴K4b2便携式心肺功能仪测试该操代谢当量、心率指标。结果发现它属于中等运动强度,有助于做操者的心肺功能和骨骼肌有氧代谢能力的提高。男女做操时HR对比有显著性差异,说明男性受试者的心肺功能比女性受试者强,MET的对比则无显著性差异。     

The Public Schools and Organized Football in Britain: Fresh Perspectives on Old Paradigms

Modern football, especially soccer, was the product of a fusion of ideas from both the public schools and wider society. In the period between 1830 and 1859 there were far more football teams outside the public schools than those within it, and while the ideas stemming from public schools were important in terms of the code that was established to regulate the game it was only when they were fused and applied with concepts from the wider society that they gained both effectiveness and popularity. The principal creator of this code was the football club at Sheffield, an organization that was easily the most influential and important in the period prior to 1870.     

黄冈市市直单位人员体育健身状况的调查与分析

对黄冈市24个市直单位的1022名在职工作人员体育锻炼的状况进行问卷调查,结果显示在职的市直单位工作人员(以下简称市直人员)的体育认识很好,参加体育活动的积极性较高,参与的人数较多。家居周边、公园或广场等是他们体育锻炼常去的地方;球类、健身舞、民族传统体育是他们常选的项目;大部分市直人员有较充足的体育锻炼时间;市直人员参加体育锻炼的主要组织形式是社会体育指导站;市直人员的体育消费水平不高,以实物性消费为主。     

黄冈市市直单位人员体育健身状况的调查与分析

对黄冈市 2 4个市直单位的 10 2 2名在职工作人员体育锻炼的状况进行问卷调查 ,结果显示 :在职的市直单位工作人员 (以下简称市直人员 )的体育认识很好 ,参加体育活动的积极性较高 ,参与的人数较多。家居周边、公园或广场等是他们体育锻炼常去的地方 ;球类、健身舞、民族传统体育是他们常选的项目 ;大部分市直人员有较充足的体育锻炼时间 ;市直人员参加体育锻炼的主要组织形式是社会体育指导站 ;市直人员的体育消费水平不高 ,以实物性消费为主。     

体操运动的起源及健身功能研究

从体操的起源谈起,从体操的健身功能扩展,通过竞技体操和大众健美操对比说明基础普及和提高的哲学关系,着重指出体操在发展中必须注意健身功能的开发,才能保证体操运动的健康发展.     

Care,Cure and Training of the Body According to Italian Medicine of the Nineteenth Century

Sometime in the latter half of the nineteenth century, the idea that progress in science and technology would lead to solutions for, or at least control over, human ills had reached Italy as a result of positivism. The Parliament of the new Kingdom of Italy, formed in 1861, worked, among other things, towards increasing the processes of modernisation and industrialisation that were already ongoing in northern and central Italy. This was done to combat the backwardness of the poorer regions in the south and towards augmenting the size and quality of the newly created Italian army so that it could compete on an equal footing with the powerful nations of Europe. In the same period, the government was legislating in favour of public education to fight the great problem of illiteracy, upgrade the teaching classes, improve existing schools and procure the funds needed for social hygiene and care of the body as factors in the physical and moral regeneration of the race. A campaign to increase physical education for both sexes in schools was successfully begun by the then Education Minister, Francesco De Sanctis, who made this subject obligatory by law throughout the nation in 1878. Much has already been said of the Italian doctors of the time who were strongly in favour of gymnastics, traditional games and/or modern sports, as well as other hygienic and recreational physical activities for people of all ages; suffice to mention the ‘apostle of Italian sport', Dr. Angelo Mosso (1846–1910), and the ‘father of Italian gymnastics', Dr. Emilio Baumann (1843–1917). However, not enough has been said about the support for these same activities offered by another famous doctor from the same period, Paolo Mantegazza (1830–1910), on whom the first part of the essay will focus. The latter part will propose a comparative consideration of the works of Mantegazza, Baumann and Mosso, showing similarities but also notable differences in their personality and philosophical approach.     

产后康复操对产妇形态机能恢复的影响

本文根据产妇生理心理特点,结合瑜伽、普拉提以及民族传统体育动作等创编了一套产后康复体操,旨在帮助恢复产妇身体形态,降低腹直肌分离指数等。通过3个月的康复训练,效果显著,说明该套康复操对产妇集中出现的典型问题康复效果显著,值得推广。建议国家、社会及家庭能采取相应措施,鼓励产妇尽早进行产后康复锻炼,帮助产妇更好回归社会。     

有氧健身操对临沂师范学院女大学生心理健康影响的研究

选取大一、大二两年级女大学生为研究对象,参加8周每周2次的有氧健身操锻炼。通过症状自评量表SCL-90,对实验前后心理健康状况进行比较;通过自制情感体验量表,对实验过程中主试的情感体验进行测查;来研究有氧健身操锻炼的心理效应。结果表明,大学生心境状态在“人际关系敏感、忧郁、焦虑、偏执、敌对和精神病性”6项中得分明显优于实验前,有氧健身操锻炼对临沂师范学院大一、大二年级女大学生具有良好的心理效应,对公共体育教学改革提供了依据。     

Gymnastics and Sport at German Universities: The Example of the Teacher Training College in Tübingen from the Beginnings to Its Academic Acceptance

The University of Tübingen in the southwest of Germany claims to have the oldest tradition for gymnastics and sports of any German University. In 1839, the Ministry for Education of the Kingdom of Wuerttemberg officially decreed that there would be a Gymnastische Anstalt, which was to be a department of the university giving students the opportunity to do gymnastics and exercises. The new institute for gymnastics (in German turnen) was controlled by the academic authorities of the university, chaired by the president and the disciplinary commission. The paper implies both a consideration of the chronological history of physical education, games, and sports at a university, which advanced to become one of the leading contemporary physical education colleges in Germany, and to elaborate the distinctive qualities of modern developments with respect to the institutionalization of sport science(s) at universities. The article is based on the study of original documents in various relevant archives.     

The construction of women’s social spaces through physical exercise in urban China

Abstract

By applying feminist geographical theories and qualitative research methods, this article reveals Chinese women’s exercise experiences in urban spaces and discusses how women, through physical activity in neighbourhoods, public places and commercial facilities, constructed social spaces of their own. The findings show that exercise spaces are potentially sites for women’s health, well-being, social networking and collective empowerment. They challenge traditional gendered urban spaces by deconstructing the dual structure of ‘public’ and ‘private’ spheres, inducing women to gradually shift from the ‘edge’ to the ‘centre’. Though the spatial differences in women’s physical activities reflect the diversity and dynamics of women’s spatialities, they also imply the continuous social powers on women in exercise fields, where gendered disparities and class stratification may be sustained.     

Feeling states during exercise: Influence of individual differences in perceived evaluative threat

Abstract

The present study is designed to examine the influence of individual differences in perceived evaluative threat and baseline responses on changes in feeling states experienced during acute exercise in college-age women with high social physique anxiety. Thirty women with high social physique anxiety completed acute bouts of stationary cycling at either a self-selected or imposed intensity in both naturalistic fitness centre and laboratory environments. Multivariate analysis of changes in feeling states during exercise yielded a significant baseline×perceived evaluative threat×intensity interaction during exercise in the naturalistic fitness centre environment. Decomposition of this interaction revealed that, within the naturalistic environment, women with the least favourable baseline feeling states who perceived the lowest amount of evaluative threat during exercise demonstrated the greatest improvements in affect during self-selected intensity exercise. These findings suggest that, among women with high social physique anxiety, changes in feeling states reported during exercise are influenced by an interaction between baseline affective responses, the intensity of exercise, and environmentally induced perceptions of evaluative threat.     

新奥运周期世界女子体操的竞争格局及我国女子体操的实力分析

本文采用录像观察法、文献资料法和数理统计法,观察统计了第42届、43届世界体操锦标赛女子体操比赛的团体、全能及单项的比赛情况,分析了当今世界女子体操的格局和我国女子体操的实力状况。研究结果表明：1）我国女队仍处于世界三强之列,俄美两国团体实力相当,竞争激烈,我国团体实力稍逊于俄关两国;2）在全能实力上仍是俄美中三国具有明显的优势,在自由体操、平衡木和高低杠单项比赛中,俄国、美国、罗马尼亚、中国四国优势较为突出,而跳马单项比赛呈现出百花争艳的局面;3）我国平衡木优势明显,高低杠正逐渐被俄罗斯赶超,自由体操在单项决赛上有所突破,整体实力与俄关相比还有差距,跳马仍为弱项。     

Sports’ disciplinary legacy and the challenge of ‘coaching differently’

Be empowering. Be athlete-centered. Be autonomy supportive. These are three related topics currently being promoted by sport psychologists and sport pedagogists in an effort to recognize athletes’ unique qualities and developmental differences and make coaching more holistic and coaches more considerate. This has led us to ask, how likely are such initiatives to lead to coaches putting their athletes at the center of the coaching process given that coaches’ practices have largely been formed through relations of power that subordinate and objectify athletes’ bodies through the regular application of a range of disciplinary techniques and instruments [e.g. Barker-Ruchti, N., &; Tinning, R. (2010). Foucault in leotards: Corporeal discipline in women's artistic gymnastics. Sociology of Sport Journal, 27, 229–250; Heikkala, J. (1993). Discipline and excel: Techniques of the self and body and the logic of competing. Sociology of Sport Journal, 10, 397–412; Gearity, B., &; Mills, J. P. (2012). Discipline and punish in the weight room. Sports Coaching Review, 1, 124–134]? In other words, to try to develop athlete-centered coaches capable of coaching in ways that will empower their athletes without also problematizing the discursive formation of coaches’ practices concerns us [Denison, J., &; Mills, J. P. (2014). Planning for distance running: Coaching with Foucault. Sports Coaching Review, 3, 1–16]. Put differently: how can athlete empowerment initiatives be anything more than rhetoric within a disciplinary framework that normalizes maximum coach control? It is this question that we intend to explore in this paper. More specifically, as Foucauldians, we will argue that coaching with greater consideration for athletes’ unique qualities and developmental differences needs to entail coaching in a less disciplinary way and with an awareness and appreciation of the many unseen effects that disciplinary power can have on coaches’ practices and athletes’ bodies.     

大众艺术体操对中老年女性健身效果的实验研究

采用纵向测试追踪调查，比较分析了大众艺术体操锻炼对中老年女性身体形态及机能状况的影响，证实大众艺术体操能改变中老年女性的身体形态，增强体质，对于预防肥胖、心血管疾病及延缓人体衰老等具有重要作用，是中老年妇女值得选择的一种效果理想的健身锻炼方法。     

中学生领悟锻炼社会支持与锻炼行为之关系

采用量表法,对中学生领悟锻炼社会支持与锻炼行为之关系进行研究。结果表明:中学生领悟锻炼社会支持由社会环境支持、物理环境支持、锻炼方案支持三个维度构成;男生身体锻炼的行为态度、行为控制感、行为意向优于女生,初中生身体锻炼的行为态度、行为控制感、行为意向优于高中生,中学生身体锻炼的主观规范无性别和学段差异;中学生领悟锻炼社会支持是预测其锻炼行为的重要指标,它既可以通过主观规范、行为控制感、行为态度影响行为意向,进而影响锻炼行为,亦可通过行为控制感直接影响锻炼行为。