‘Nothing but Trouble’: The Soviet Union's Push to ‘Democratise’ International Sports During the Cold War, 1959–1962

Analysing internal documents from recently accessible Soviet archives as well as International Olympic Committee (IOC) correspondence, this article explores how Soviet sports administrators sought to gain influence and authority in international sports in order to advance Soviet state goals during the Cold War. To counter the ‘reactionary’, ‘Anglo-American’ bloc they perceived in the IOC and International Federations (IFs), members of the Soviet All-Union Committee on Physical Culture and Sport sought to ‘democratise’ international sports organisations by transforming them into truly international bodies that included representatives from all regions of the world, especially those sympathetic to the Soviet Union. Because of the governing culture of the IOC and the personalities of many of its members, any stance taken on by Soviet members could not overtly challenge Olympic ideals. Couching their call to expand Olympism in the principles of international cooperation, democracy and the right for everyone to participate in sports, Soviet administrators could present themselves as dedicated promoters of sport and use their clout to further Soviet interests. Through their efforts to increase Soviet influence globally, Soviet administrators challenged the insularity of the IOC and IFs and helped to transform international sports and the Olympic Games into a truly global movement.     

体育美学研究述评

体育美学的研究始于20世纪下半叶。由于国情不同,世界各国在研究对象、方法和结果上都有差异,大致可分为前苏联及东欧国家、欧美等国、日本3类,代表不同的学术传统和风格。前苏联体育美学研究严格遵循马克思主义的认识论,注意力集中于竞技活动的观赏,而对身体运动的基本审美特征较为忽视,东欧各国体育美学研究与前苏联一脉相承,受其影响很深;欧美国家的体育美学研究自由而宽泛,流派众多,学说纷杂,学者们建构体育领域的美学研究,尤其在定量研究上成绩显著;日本的体育美学研究善于吸收西方先进文化,经过消化形成符合自己社会生活传统的实用特色。我国的体育美学研究虽然起步较晚,但已初步形成特色,近30年的研究,主要对研究对象和范围、自身特征、体育美及运动项目的分类、体育运动中的真善美、体育美感等的探讨,但也存在缺乏成熟的体育文化理念、研究者忽视美学原理的学习、与实际发展脱节的体育美学发展障碍。伴随中国社会的快速发展,体育运动作为促进身心健康的审美文化,正在焕发生态、绿色、人文的特性,倾诉人类与自然和谐共存的理想追求。     

独联体(前苏联)高等体育教育专业的若干特点

本文以调查材料和亲身实践入手,简析了独联体（前苏联）的高等体育教育专业的办学体制,揭示了其强调基础、注重能力和重视实习、逐步提高等两大特点,在此基础上指出我国体育师资培养和体育教育专业改革必须注意的方面。     

On Hidden Trails – Mountaineers and Adventurers in Communist Germany (GDR)

As mountaineering was a non-Olympic sport and of no military relevance, it did not obtain any support of the socialist state. Consequently, it was very difficult for the mountaineers to obtain visas and financial or material resources. Invitations from the Soviet Union (SU), well-paid side jobs and self-made equipment were just some of the things necessary to be able to get into the highlands. From the end of the 1970s the emerging ‘hippie-generation’ brought new life into the scene of traditional alpinists. These young people travelled into the Soviet Union with the help of a so-called ‘Transitvisum’. They stayed in the SU illegally for several weeks or even months, always being weary of the police. Not having much financial possibilities, they travelled mostly by train or by hitchhiking and thus got into close contact with the Soviet people. Due to their experiences the alpinists were able to distance themselves from the official socialist discourse in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and to realise the possibility of liberty. They can be considered as an avant-garde of the massive exoduses or escapes of thousands of GDR citizens in 1989 through one or more eastern countries which initiated the collapse of the GDR.     

试论苏联高等教育模式及其影响因素

对苏联高等教育模式概念进行了讨论,概述了苏联高等教育模式性质和特点,分析了政治、经济、文化、理论等方面的影响因素。概述了苏联高等教育模式的具体内容。     

上世纪50年代苏联体操对我国现代体操的影响

运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法等研究方法对50年代苏联体操和中国体操的现状及中国学习苏联体操经验的原因、成效等进行研究。文章认为苏联体操对中国现代体操的发展具有非常重要的影响,为我国提供了科学的训练方法、先进的体操理论和创新意识的培养等,加快了中国体操向世界体操强国迈进的步伐,客观上为中国体操的现代化进程起到不可磨灭的作用。     

俄（苏）体育的基本概念和基本原则

俄罗斯的苏联时代，由于特殊的历史环境和条件，产生了不同于西方的体育形态，形成了一些具有特别含义的体育基本概念，这些概念基本上反映了苏联体育运行机制的特征，在相当长的历史时期内对我国体育产生过影响。探讨这些基本概念及其代表的俄(苏)体育，对拓展我们的体育视野和思路，深化体育改革，有一定的参考价值。     

Securing the Sports ‘Miracle’: The Stasi and East German Elite Sport

Given the political and social importance of East Germany's elite sports system, the Ministry of State Security (Stasi) constructed a comprehensive and invasive system of surveillance to protect the clandestine state doping programme, to prevent flight to the West by sportspeople, to ensure the smooth running of sports events, and in general to help maintain the country's status as a sporting superpower. While the Stasi enjoyed much success in its mission, thanks in no small part to the deployment of several thousand informers, its authority and capabilities were constrained by the magnitude of its many other security operations, the autonomous actions of sports fans and performers, the defection of high-profile individuals, and internecine rivalries between major sport-political and bureaucratic organisations such as the DTSB and the Dynamo Sports Associations. The collapse of the East German communist system and the declassification of state and Party materials opened up both the top-performance sports system and the Stasi to critical enquiry, triggered bitter disputes over the appropriateness of the judicial, moral and political reckoning with East Germany's sporting legacy, and highlighted the convergent paths of elite sport across the Iron Curtain.     

赫鲁晓夫时期苏联体育公共行政组织演化分析

梳理赫鲁晓夫时期苏联体育公共行政组织演化,找寻价值规律,启示中国体育改革。通过文献资料、访谈等方法研究后,认为:赫鲁晓夫时期苏联体育公共行政组织去国家化的背景是当时的经济增长和全民国家理念,其重归政府管理原因是:僵硬意识形态框架下社会组织建设、党的机构扩建及取代行政对社会事物直接管理、权威国家思想以及缺乏社会自治自觉的村社传统文化等等。中国体育公共行政组织改革应坚持党的领导和指引,但避免党政不分,努力建设公民社会,夯实体育社会管理的根基。     

Performance Enhancement and Politicisation of High-Performance Sport: The West German ‘air clyster’ Affair of 1976

While the politicisation of high-performance sport is perceived to represent one of the driving forces behind doping, we know not much how exactly the cold war in sports has affected sporting misconduct in western societies. Therefore, we propose here to distinguish between ideological and institutional politicisation and explicit and implicit acceptance of dubious practices. We apply our framework to analyse the West German ‘air clyster’ affair of 1976 in order to examine to what extent the politicisation of high-performance sport during the cold war affected the search for innovation in performance enhancement. We find that political pressure for improved competitiveness in West German sport had served to create a semi-autonomous high-performance sport sector in West Germany where blurred lines of accountability allowed questionable practices to prosper. While the public despised the use of questionable methods, sportive nationalism served to eclipse dubious practices. West German sport leaders adopted insofar a permissive attitude towards questionable practices as sporting misconduct was not sanctioned. Thus, our results strongly suggest that sport's politicisation during the cold war facilitated the search for performance-increasing methods in western societies.     

中国与前苏联东欧体育交往及其影响的研究

主要采用文献资料等研究方法,研究结论：服从并服务于新中国外交、不失时机引进先进技术,是中国与前苏联东欧体育交往的两大特征：交旆对新中国体育各方面的发展产生积极的,重要的影响;世界体育运动的技术规律是共同的,借鉴外国与坚持创新是体育发展的必由之路,中国与前苏联东欧国家仍有加强体育交往的必要。     

柏林墙倒塌后原东德体育的转型过程

在关注原东德体育转型的文献中,很少有聚焦在体育社团和组织变迁方面的历史学研究。本文利用德国体育史中心的资料,探讨了原东德地区的图灵根州的体育俱乐部和相关组织在柏林墙倒塌前后的变迁过程。本文通过马格德堡俱乐部的个案,介绍了原来的东西德的体育组织在制度和文化上的差异。最后,通过一些宏观体育数据的比较,从体育设施、体育政策和体育文化等层面探讨了两德合并之后原东德地区的体育发展程度依然落后于原西德地区的原因。     

The International Anti-Doping Movement and UNESCO: A Historical Case Study

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) played a major role in the development of contemporary anti-doping policy. Throughout its existence, and especially since the 1970s, UNESCO has viewed sport as an educational tool. Though it acknowledged the unique problems that drug use in sport presented, UNESCO was reticent to take a leading role in creating and enacting global policy regarding the issue. However, UNESCO eventually came to endorse the World Anti-Doping Agency in 2005 when its member nations adopted the International Convention against Doping in Sport. UNESCO's shift in attitude is explained through the application of institutional isomorphism, an organisational theory that explains the tendency of organisations in a given area or industry to become more similar over time.     

The 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin: The Response of America's Black Press

Abstract

Eighty-seven female masters swimmers ranging in age from 20 to 69 were selected for a detailed study of their body composition and physiological responses at rest and during exercise. These women were then placed into two subsets, a highly trained group and a not highly trained group, on the basis of the frequency, duration, and intensity of swimming workouts. Significant differences were detected when comparing the highly trained and not highly trained subjects on measures of weight, body density, percent fat and lean body weight (p<.05). Significant differences which favored the highly trained group were also seen when comparing these same two groups for [Vdot]_E max, [Vdot]O₂ max (1/min), [Vdot]O₂ max (ml·kg^–1·min^–1), [Vdot]O₂ max (ml·kg·LBW^–1·min^–1), O₂ pulse (ml·kg^–1·beat^–1), and O₂ pulse (ml·kg·LBW^–1). Both the highly trained and not highly trained swimmers were considerably lower in percent fat than previously reported data for normal untrained women of similar ages. In both groups, however, percent fat across age levels within each training group showed significant increases at approximately 40 years of age (p<.05). In the highly trained swimmers, [Vdot]O₂ max (ml·kg^–1·min^–1) decreased at a mean rate of about 7% per decade, while in the not highly trained swimmers the decline was approximately 8% per decade. It appears that the rate of decline in [Vdot]O₂ max in women with aging may be independent of training status.     

回顾与反思:兴奋剂的使用与禁用

对兴奋剂的使用与禁用进行了回顾与反思。在世界体坛,兴奋剂屡禁不止的原因与兴奋剂检测的技术局限性、狭隘的民族主义意识、对公平竞争的片面理解以及对使用兴奋剂的危害认识不清有关,与没有从源头上惩治也不无关系。文章对以上问题进行了讨论并提出相关建议。     

基因兴奋剂的检测现状与展望

兴奋剂是指因违反体育道德和医学道德而被国际体育组织禁用的药物和方法,兴奋剂的使用多年来一直在困扰着竞技体育的健康发展。近几年,在高水平的药检及严厉的处罚下,反兴奋剂工作已取得了显著成效。随着基因技术和转基因食品的出现,预计在未来基因兴奋剂将成为兴奋剂发展的主流,由于基因兴奋剂的隐蔽性和检测的困难性使其成为兴奋剂检测的一项新挑战。从基因兴奋剂的概念、基因治疗与基因兴奋剂的联系、基因兴奋剂的危害及国内外的最新检测方法等几个方面进行了详细阐述,为有力打击基因兴奋剂的滥用提供了参考依据。     

构建区域高校体育竞赛联盟的可行性研究

随着高校体育竞赛的广泛开展,高校体育竞赛在管理和运作模式也必将进行实践和改革。高校体育竞赛联盟是高校体育竞赛发展的新鲜事物,在一定区域内进行有效科学探索具有一定的现实意义。通过分析高校体育竞赛的历史背景,探讨建立高校区域竞赛联盟存在的可行性。     

体育与政治博弈过程及其启示

体育博弈研究的主要是一个博弈过程中的博弈参与者,即博弈人为了达到一定的目的所采取策略选择的问题。对我国不同形态体育的协调发展、体育和政治协调发展问提出了一定的建议和看法。