The making of modern soccer: a product of multiple interdependencies

ABSTRACT

Over the past two decades, academics have robustly debated the early history of the game of football. Initially, support polarized around two conflicting paradigms, the predominance of public school influence against the impact of a more working class subculture. However, in recent years, scholars have concluded that this simplistic account lacks the depth of research required to clarify the more subtle nuances involved in the topic. In short, the undertaking of more locally based studies has revealed the sport’s history to be a far more multifaceted narrative. These apparently disjointed yet crucial local events, moments and memories in the early history of the game thus provide a nuanced perspective to trace the roots of modern soccer. In this article there will be an attempt to locate the state of play and endeavour to examine briefly more recent contributions and potentially move forward what has, to some, become an esoteric exercise.     

坠入山海人间的加速跳伞

勇敢者的运动跳伞运动是指跳伞员乘飞机、气球等航空器或其他器械升至高空后跳下,或者从陡峭的山顶、高地上跳下,并借助空气动力和降落伞在张开降落伞之前和开伞后完成各种规定动作,并利用降落伞减缓下降速度在指定区域安全着陆的一项体育运动。它以自身的惊险和挑战性,被世人誉为“勇敢者的运动”。     

Tracing the origins of athlete development models in sport: a citation path analysis

Reviews of the sport psychology literature have identified a number of models of athlete development in sport (Alfermann & Stambulova, 2007; Durand-Bush & Salmela, 2001). However, minimal research has investigated the origins of knowledge from which each model was developed. The purpose of this study was to systematically examine the influential texts responsible for providing the basis of athlete development models in sport. A citation path analysis of the sport psychology literature was used to generate a knowledge development path of seven athlete development models in sport. The analysis identified influential texts and authors in the conceptualization of athlete development. The population of 229 texts (articles, books, book chapters) was selected in two phases. Phase 1 texts were articles citing seven articles depicting models of athlete development (n=75). Phase 2 included texts cited three or more times by Phase 1 articles (n=154). The analysis revealed how the scholarship of Benjamin Bloom (1985) has been integrated into the field of sport psychology, and how two articles appearing in 1993 and 2003 helped shape present conceptualizations of athlete development.     

身体的关切:体育美学的当代使命

体育运动之美从身之动的主观体验来把握,可分为3种不同水平的审美体验:一是源自运动中肌肉系统产生的并伴随着情感体验的"运动快感";二是建立在第一反射运动快感基础上,源自对技术动作"内模仿"的"运动联想";三是超越于二级反射的感觉共鸣,是一种心灵走出感官与运动意义相融相忘的"身心通感"。只有从身体的外在形态转向对身体感觉与体验的关注,并致力于为身体的各种感觉,尤其是运动感觉在运动中的充分滋养与发展提供美学依据,体育美学才能实现真正意义上的人文关怀。     

The early evolution of modern sport in Latin America: a mainly English middle-class inspiration

In any consideration of cultural diffusion, what matters is not only what happens to a cultural form when it arrives, but that it arrives. In the twentieth century, Latin America, like too many other areas of the world, has been a place of diplomatic turmoil, social inequality, political paranoia, capitalist exploitation and class conflict. However, despite all this, and through all this, it may be stated factually and without sentimentality, that it has also been a place where people have survived and thrived, worked, loved and played. Modern sport has brought to their play both unhappy moments of disillusion and disappointment and marvellous opportunities for illusion and pleasure. Modern sport, with its beauty spots and warts, is the reality and while there are things to criticize, there are also many things to applaud. Along with others, the English middle class played a not insignificant part in the arrival of modern sport in Latin America.     

The meaning of pain during the process of embodiment: a case study of trainee modern dancers' experiences of pain

A large number of sociologists have adopted the notion of the embodied subject to escape the trappings of the rational choice theory in sociological analysis. From a phenomenological perspective, the notion of an embodied subject refers to a subject who is in unity with the world. In this paper, I will present my ethnographic study of a group of trainee dancers preparing to embody the world of modern dance. I will present my study of their training experiences as a case of subjects striving to embody a world other than the one they already embody. I observed that pain formed the core part of trainee dancers’ daily experiences. Following Leder's theory of the ‘absent body’ and Bourdieu's conception of the ‘modern social world’, I interpreted trainee dancers’ experiences of pain with respect to the historically shaped collective expectations of the world of modern dance. I argue that their experiences of pain indicate how far along they are in the process of their embodiment of the world of modern dance. As they experience a decrease in the intensity of pain during their training, trainees become closer to embodying the world of modern dance.     

The later evolution of modern sport in Latin America: the North American influence

American impact on modern sports in Latin America overlaps geographically and chronologically with the European, especially British, impact. Principally baseball in the Caribbean basin, more recently basketball and volleyball across the hemisphere and occasionally American football in more limited areas illustrate a north-to-south movement executed by businessmen, educators, missionaries, military personnel, returning travelers (often students), sports entrepreneurs and television. Often initially supported by promoters of development within Latin America, this transfer has altered local recreational patterns and attracted Latin athletes to pursue careers in North America, provoking accusations of cultural imperialism and exploitation.     

Movement imagery ability: development and assessment of a revised version of the vividness of movement imagery questionnaire

The purpose of this research was to amend the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire (VMIQ; Isaac, Marks, & Russell, 1986) in line with contemporary imagery modality and perspective conceptualizations, and to test the validity of the amended questionnaire (i.e., the VMIQ-2). Study 1 had 351 athletes complete the 3-factor (internal visual imagery, external visual imagery, and kinesthetic imagery) 24-item VMIQ-2. Following single-factor confirmatory factor analyses and item deletion, a 12-item version was subject to correlated traits / correlated uniqueness (CTCU) analysis. An acceptable fit was revealed. Study 2 used a different sample of 355 athletes. The CTCU analysis confirmed the factorial validity of the 12-item VMIQ-2. In Study 3, the concurrent and construct validity of the VMIQ-2 was supported. Taken together, the results of the 3 studies provide preliminary support for the revised VMIQ-2 as a psychometrically valid questionnaire.     

论构建高中现代体育教学模式的新理念

通过对高中现行体育课堂教学中已逐步形成的几种教学模式进行整理和分析，并从这些教学模式的指导思想、教学目标、操作程序、师生关系和教学条件等多角度展开较为深入的比较、讨论，从而提出了体育课堂教学中基本要素结构的优化问题，论述了在构建和创设高中现代体育教学模式中须确立的几个基本理念。旨在能为学校体育改革、提高高中体育课堂教学的效果和效率提供有益的参考。同时也能对教学第一线的体育教师在体育教学改革实践有所启发和帮助。     

The round-wheel compound bow model revisited: a new extension

An extended offset-eccentric model of an archery twin-round-wheel compound bow is derived. Varying some parameters of the model, the respective effects on the calculated force–draw curve are considered. Two static quality coefficients for the compound bow are introduced. It was found that the twin-round-wheel compound bow can be designed to be more energetic with the help of the model. For a bow with some modifications 18.5% increment of energy was calculated. Also a theoretical limit for the force–draw curve of the compound bow is concluded.     

西方文化对中国近代体育的影响

讨论了鸦片战争之后中国在体育观念方面的变化，以及在这种变化带动下中国体育的现代化进程，指出在西方化的冲击和亡国危机的影响下，中国社会开始以主动的态度学习和传播近代体育，促成了近代体育在中国的初步确立。     

现代奥林匹克运动与和平之研究

现代奥林匹克运动在渴望和平的呼声中诞生并在经历两次世界大战的洗礼后得到升华。得到更多国家的参与。80年代后。现代奥林匹克运动发展成为一个全球性的社会运动,越来越成为发展经济、保卫和平的力量。