Riding Instructors,Gender, Militarism,and Stable Culture in Sweden: Continuity and Change in the Twentieth Century

Equestrian sport underwent significant changes in Sweden during the twentieth century, from being connected to men and the army to being associated with women and leisure activities. Previous research has shown that a stable culture with masculine military norms still exists in spite of these changes. The purpose of this study is to explore why these norms continue to influence Swedish equestrian sport. Institutional economic theory and gender theory are used to explain continuity and change in stable culture. The source material consists of interviews and document analysis. An important finding is that military norms have been reproduced in the education of the riding instructors.     

Taking Ski Tracks to the North. The Invention and Reinvention of Norwegian Polar Skiing: Sportisation,Manliness and National Identities

Norwegian explorers have for more than a century made a strong presence in the polar areas. One of their distinctions was their dedicated use of skis. This article examines the Norwegian affection for skiing in the polar areas. The will to quest and conquer the polar extremes, as well as the inland glaciers of Greenland, has been a part of Norwegian polar history, to such a degree that it can be termed a national characteristic. Through primary and secondary literature and other sources, the article discusses the historical background of this cultural practice, and how it has been able to survive into modern times. What is the significance of these modern expeditions which might otherwise be seen as mere repetitions of historic ventures? The article discusses polar skiing in the perspectives of modern sport, national identities and manliness.     

足球进步,道德与法律

从舆论监督,完善法制的角度,探讨当今我国足球管理体制改革的问题。     

Masculinity, moral atmosphere, and moral functioning of high school football players

In order to identify factors associated with on-field moral functioning among student athletes within the unique context of football, we examined masculine gender role conflict, moral atmosphere, and athletic identity. Using structural equation modeling to assess survey data from 204 high school football players, results demonstrated that moral atmosphere (i.e., the influence of coaches and teammates) was significantly associated with participants' process of on-field moral functioning across the levels of judgment, intention, and behavior. Neither masculine gender role conflict nor athletic identity significantly predicted moral functioning, but the results indicated that participants' identification with the athlete role significantly predicted conflict with socialized gender roles. Results suggest that in the aggressive and violent sport of football, coaches can have a direct influence on players' moral functioning process. Coaches can also have an indirect effect by influencing all the players so that a culture of ethical play can be cultivated among teammates and spread from the top down.     

运动员体育道德:概念、测量、影响因素与展望

运动员体育道德是当前体育领域的一个研究热点,运动员体育道德受到年龄、性别、动机、道德推脱等自身因素和动机气氛、道德气氛、教练员的执教风格、同伴、奖励制度等外部环境因素的影响.对运动员体育道德的概念、测量和影响因素进行分析,并指出在今后的研究中要加强对理论和实践问题的分析,改进测量工具,加强实证研究,以有效促进运动员体育道德的发展.     

Chinese Bodies that Matter: The Search for Masculinity and Femininity

This article is an inquiry of why such significance has been assigned to sports in general and the Olympics in particular in China. It looks at how history and politics intersect with gender. I explain how the historicity of China's traumatic past – how it fell prey to the western imperialists – has allowed the state to draw on the biopolitical discourse that links its subjects’ physical, mental and moral attributes to that of the survival and revival of a Chinese nation. This article examines the ways in which gender ideals/norms were inscribed onto the athletes’ bodies that helped exemplify China's nation-building project and its pursuit of modernity. My analysis focuses on the representation of their bodies, clothes and corporal expression. Three sets of male and female athletes of three different periods were examined: (1) Liu Changchun and Yang Xiuqiong, representing the Republican China; (2) Li Ning and Lang Ping, representing the post-opening up period; (3) Liu Xiang and Guo Jingjing, representing the global China. I argue that manliness and femaleness are cultural as well as political products produced according to the needs of the nation and the state at different historical moments; and both men and women carry their share of national burden.     

健全体育道德法规加强奥运文化建设

道德是社会控制系统中的一个组成部分。从奥林匹克历史发展来看,奥运道德历史的继承主要依靠宗教信仰的魅力,资产阶级绅士教育对现代奥运道德的影响较大,奥林匹克优秀选手榜样的道德示范作用也比较明显。加强奥林匹克运动道德教育与管理是非常必要的。中国奥运会应加强健全和执行相关的奥运法规,进一步完善中国特色的奥运道德内容,加强中国道德品牌的创建工作,强调文明纪律教育,净化奥运道德环境,形成中国特色的奥运道德理论与实践,促进中国奥运道德建设。