Differential punishment of other behavior: Effects of pause-dependent shock on variable-interval performance

Three albino rats were exposed to a differential-punishment-of-other-behavior shock schedule superimposed on a variable-interval schedule of food presentation. With this arrangement, failure to barpress for a specified interval since the previous response resulted in delivery of shock. This procedure reliably decreased the number of specified pauses and was accompanied by increases in barpress rates and shifts in the distribution of responses. Subsequent exposure to noncontingent shock produced similar, but quantitatively smaller, changes for two of the three subjects. Training with barpress-dependent shock and reexposure to noncontingent shock further diminished these effects. This study demonstrates that pauses are conditionable units of behavior insofar as they are sensitive to a punishment contingency. In terms of the targeted unit of behavior, the current findings are similar to those obtained with barpress-dependent or interresponse-time-dependent shock schedules and suggest a continuum of response specification.     

Attenuation of the intermittent punishment effect: The effect of interpolated punishment and nonreward trials

Intermittent punishment of a response is known to increase the persistence of that response to more intense and/or more frequent punishment. In the present experiment, rats with a history of intermittent punishment were subjected to blocks of trials on which every response was both punished and nonreinforced. In a subsequent test for persistence to a high level of punishment, these animals failed to show greater persistence than controls. The results were seen as evidence for the role of an association between fear and the intermittently punished response and were interpreted as consistent with a conditioning model interpretation of the effect of intermittent punishment training.     

基于程序行为均衡的软件可靠性评估测试案例集约减方法

针对软件可靠性评估中约减测试案例往往导致测试案例集的错误检测率下降的问题,提出了1种基于程序行为引导的测试案例约减方法。该方法通过对软件程序行为进行分析,在满足程序测试需求的情况下,选择程序行为均衡的测试案例集,使得对于约减后的测试案例集能够减少错误检测率。在公开的SIR数据集上进行实验,结果表明,所提方法相比于传统的测试案例约减方法,能够在增加少量测试案例的情况下,明显减少软件可靠性评估中错误检测率的损失。     

Effects of instructions for on-task behavior and academic behavior: Two case studies

The effects of daily teacher instructions to “work hard” for the on-task behavior of two special education students during a math period were examined in a multiple-baseline design. The results indicated that teacher instructions could increase such behavior. Generalization to work output (the rate of correct math problems) was observed. Follow-up data revealed that the effects of the instructional procedure were of lasting duration. It was suggested that instructions could be an effective, inexpensive, easy to implement, and socially acceptable classroom intervention procedure.     

新课程“氧化还原”概念的教学研究

本文分析了普通高中化学新课程"氧化还原"概念中存在的主要问题,并结合苏教版新课程实验化学教材的编排特点,提出"氧化还原"概念及其应用的教学策略.     

《春秋经传集解》训诂术语略考

晋杜预所著《春秋经传集解》是现存最古的完整的《左传》注本,在训诂学史上有着重要的地位。杜预注《左传》,所用训诂术语基本承袭汉儒,但受注释宗旨的影响,又有自己特点。分析杜注训诂术语,可得出这一结论:经过学者们的相续延用,常见训诂术语作用趋于固定,但由于学者注释古籍的着眼点不同,赋予训诂术语的功用也有差异。     

论科技术语翻译零翻译的标准

以何种形式翻译科技术语,译学界颇有争论。本文用英语激光汉译带来的问题,探讨了零翻译模式在科技术语翻译中的必要性,以弥补其他模式的不足,确保语义标准化。     

"I've tried the switch but he laughs through the tears:" the use and conceptualization of corporal punishment during the Machine Age, 1924-1939

OBJECTIVE: To examine attitudes, conflicts, images, circumstances, and time-period effects associated with corporal punishment and other forms of adult-to-child violence during the early 20th century in the United States. METHOD: A sample of 147 letters, referencing corporal punishment and dating from 1924 to 1939, were analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative techniques. The letters were addressed to Angelo Patri (1876-1965), a popular child-rearing expert during the interwar years (also known as the Machine Age), and written primarily by middle class parents with everyday worries about child rearing and proper discipline. RESULTS: People who sought advice emphasized the practical significance of corporal punishment over and above the idea that it violated children's rights to be protected against harm. One in four letters cited conflicts with significant others about corporal punishment. Generally, children were perceived as frail, defiant, or feral. Rarely, were they seen as devilish or, conversely, innocent. Children's disobedience and disrespect were cited more than other misbehaviors as reasons for corporal punishment. Age and gender of the focal child varied by time period when letters from the 1920s and 1930s were compared. CONCLUSIONS: A full understanding of parent-to-child violence cannot be achieved without a firm grasp of its genealogy. The growing popularity of child psychology during the Machine Age had a measurable impact on how children were viewed. A utilitarian frame of interpretation was an important part of the everyday "work" associated with child rearing during this time, foreshadowing the tendency today to emphasize efficacy more than rights when evaluating the legitimacy of corporal punishment.     

Principles and Methods of the Terminology Translation

Technical Terminology refers to the professional terms of science and technology.The translation of technical terminologies be comes more and more important and urgent with the development of technology.This thesis begins from the features of technical terminol ogies,combining with lots of relevant examples,and then discusses the methods and principles of English-Chinese translation of technical terminology which is in order to make some contribution to the technical terminology translation.     

“手抵著牙儿”解

王实甫《西厢记》第一本第二折"手抵著牙儿"不是"手托腮"的意思,而是明清小说中常说的"咬指"(或作"啮指")。作为身体语言,"手托腮"与"咬指"含义有别。人们思考时会"手托腮",思念、惶恐、心烦、忍耐时会"咬指";只有女子扮可爱则有时"手托腮"有时"咬指"。另外,汤显祖《牡丹亭》第十出"袖梢儿搵着牙儿苫也",谓袖口贴在牙间紧咬。     

Tensions between indoctrination and the development of judgement: the case against early closure

This article explores the notion of sound judgement by citizens in environmentally attentive democracies. The argument is against indoctrination, and in favour of greater continuity and progression throughout all phases of education. A democratic education that is attentive to issues of environmental sustainability will need to draw on the evidence base of science. This is necessary but not sufficient. Learners need to be able to synthesise understanding from a range of disciplines, including those that address questions of value and judgement. Knowledge and understanding alone do not necessarily lead to a commitment to action for sustainability, and this can result in temptations to take short cuts that result in pupils making rhetorical commitments. The paper looks to the liberal educational philosophy of Paul Hirst as a basis for curriculum analysis and argues that the ability to synthesise an understanding of environmental and sustainable development issues from the irreducible forms of knowledge proposed by Hirst is an advanced skill that requires development over a protracted period.     

正视网络用语 拓展教学空间

主要从构成、特征、组合等方面谈网络用语,指出学校教学只有正视网络用语,才能提高学生汉语表达能力,更好地服务社会。     

Gendering corporal punishment: beyond the discourse of human rights

In the last few years the Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children has been gathering momentum, with a submission to The United Nations Secretary General’s study on violence against children the most recent addition to the cause. Nevertheless, corporal punishment in schools is still condoned in many countries and its practice persists even where it is now illegal. However, it is usually discussed within a gender‐‘neutral’ human rights framework rather than being more usefully considered as a gendered practice, pivotal in sustaining the gender regimes of schools. Drawing primarily on an ethnographic study in four junior secondary schools in Botswana, in conjunction with other related studies in Sub‐Saharan Africa, it is argued that corporal punishment is gendered at the level of both policy and practice. Female and male students and teachers understand and experience the ‘giving’ and ‘receiving’ of corporal punishment differently as gender interacts with, and often takes precedence over, age and authority relations. Understanding corporal punishment as a gendered practice has important implications for how its persistence in schools might be more successfully addressed as part of the current drive to achieve the Millennium Development and Education for All Goals in relation to universal primary education and gender equality.     

从“让座”与“不让座”行为看日本人

本文介绍了笔者在日本留学期间,常见的几种"让座"与"不让座"行为,并分析影响这些行为的文化因素,阐释这些行为所折射的日本人性格特征及日本社会文化。     

论罪刑法定原则和刑罚个别化原则

罪刑法定原则和刑罚个别化原则是现代刑法两大基本原则,罪刑法定原则遵循的是严格规则主义,而刑罚个别化原则则要求司法的自由裁量权,这两大原则本质上是相互对立的。然而,由于各种因素的作用。两大原则逐渐出现折衷调和的趋势,主要表现在罪刑法定原则吸收刑罚个别比原则的合理因素,由绝对走向相对,而刑罚个别化原则是在罪刑法定框架内的自由裁量。