美国学前教育改革与反贫困举措的经验与启示

教育脱贫是解决产生“贫困陷阱”多维性的根本之策,在学前教育阶段缩小儿童在起点上的差距,消除儿童贫困的代际传递,拒斥儿童贫困现象的蔓延已成为各国政府的政策关切。美国政府通过出台专门法规,投入专项财政经费,实施精准支持计划,开展有效研究项目以及强化教师队伍建设等诸多教育改革举措有效改善了贫困儿童的成长轨迹。通过对美国历史上已经实施的学前教育改革举措进行成本与收益分析,发现有效的教育改革举措坚持了针对性、专业性、协调-合作性、补偿性、动态监控性等基本原则。基于美国学前教育改革与反贫困举措的经验分析,我国在深度贫困区教育脱贫攻坚行动中可采取:设立教育优先区,促进深度贫困区学前教育优先发展;实施跨区域教育协作,保障贫困地区学前师资队伍质量;完善动态监测与问责机制,确保教育扶贫项目的成效得以有效落实。     

Preschool and primary school influences on the development of children's early numeracy skills between the ages of 3 and 7 years in Germany

Few studies have investigated how preschool and primary school interact to influence children's cognitive development. The present investigation explores German children's numeracy skills between age 3 (1st year of preschool) and age 7 (1st year of primary school). We first identified the influence of preschool experience on development while controlling for child factors, family background, and the quality of the home learning environment (HLE). We then considered how the instructional quality of primary schools influences numeracy. We finally analysed how preschool and primary school interact. We sampled 547 children who attended 97 German preschools. Latent growth curve analyses identified child and family factors related to age 3 numeracy and development to age 7: gender, migration background, socioeconomic status (SES), mother education, HLE. The effects of preschool on numeracy development persist until age 7 with notable effects from process quality. Strengthened efforts are needed to ensure high quality preschool education in Germany.     

国外学前教育的社会经济效益研究

国外关于学前教育的经济效益研究显示:普及学前教育的经济效益远远大于投资传统经济方案的效益,学前教育具有很高的经济回报率,是最值得投资的教育时段;学前教育能够带来较大经济效益是因为学前教育能提高儿童后续学业质量、提升劳动力素养、降低犯罪率、节约政府开支和促进妇女就业等。     

学前教育公共服务供给的需求逻辑和现实选择

从我国大众对学前教育资源的需求侧出发研判学前教育公共服务的供给现实,对于厘清当前学前教育资源的需求层次、提升学前教育公共服务供给质量具有关键意义。学前教育公共服务的目标应把握保基本和求发展的需求逻辑,从基本需求、差额需求和超额需求三个层次出发构建学前教育公共服务供给的差序格局。在明晰学前教育公共服务供给现实问题的基础上,提供公共性和共享性的普及化基本公共服务、公益性和分享性的普惠化补充性公共服务、私益性和独享性的个性化非公共服务,保证学前教育公共服务供给的可实现性和可获得性。对学前教育公共服务供给机制的设计探索,需积极构建责任共担与收益共享的供给制度,保证经费供给的可行性和可持续性,从参与主体、服务供给、成本分担、人员管理、监督管理五个维度设计供给路径。     

Universal Preschool’s Promise: Success in Early Childhood and Beyond

Fueled by a belief that early intervention can prevent a host of educational woes, efforts to provide universal, publicly funded preschool have the potential to radically change the way we think about our commitments and responsibilities in education. We call for the implementation of innovative, universal preschool programs that attend to developmental characteristics of learners, cultural and linguistic diversity, ecosystemic context, and the new mandates on teacher training. Universal preschool has the potential to go far beyond mere “day-care,” as it has the potential to establish the foundation for a lifelong love of learning and optimal social/emotional development. We also advocate for high-quality teacher training to populate preschools with high-quality teachers. If universal preschool is carefully planned and provided, K-12 education stands to benefit substantially.     

学前教育专业毕业生入职准备调查研究——以贵阳市高校为例

在全国幼儿园教师急缺的社会背景下,学前教育专业毕业生的入职准备备受学前教育机构的关注和重视。为了解学前教育专业毕业生的入职准备情况,促进学前教育专业本科教育的发展和改进,调查研究了贵阳市高校学前教育专业本科生的入职准备现状,并据此提出对策和建议。     

Early child care experiences and their association with family and child characteristics during middle childhood

Long-term correlates of early child care and maternal employment were examined in a representative sample of 333 6- to 12-year-old middle-class children. Intellectual, social, and behavioral development and parent-child relationships were related to nonparental infant care, center or preschool experiences, and maternal employment. Contextual analyses included child, parent, and family covariates related to choice of child care and children's development. Preschool and center day care was associated with slightly higher Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) Vocabulary scores and externalizing t scores on the Child Behavior Checklist. In addition, for African American children, center preschool experience was associated with 10-point-higher verbal intelligence scores and better ratings of positive behavioral attributes by parent and observers. Nonparental care during infancy and maternal employment patterns during the preschool years were not consistently related to the outcomes. The results of this study further support the growing consensus that the effects of early child care experiences must be considered in the context of parent, family, and child characteristics.     

《普洛登报告》对我国西部学前教育发展的启示

《普洛登报告》率先提出了"教育优先区"的概念,同时提出扩大教育规模、提高教师素质、援助非盈利私立保育团体等意见,促进了英国学前教育的发展,丰富了教育机会均等的内涵。报告中的一些意见对中国目前进行的学前教育改革特别是西部学前教育的发展有重要借鉴意义。     

论以环境为基础的幼儿教育体系构建理论与实务

本文在回顾重视环境因素的幼儿教育理论基础上,阐述环境是幼儿教育最宝贵的资源。通过分析发达国家在幼儿教育过程中对环境的充分开发和利用,结合我国实际国情,提出改革和发展幼教体系、构建良好的幼儿成长环境等见解,对我国幼儿教育工作有着一定的启示。     

Do Black and Hispanic Children Benefit More From Preschool? Understanding Differences in Preschool Effects Across Racial Groups

Recent studies suggest that the effects of attending preschool vary by race. These findings are difficult to interpret because the likelihood of enrolling a child in preschool also differs across groups. This study used newly released, nationally representative data to examine whether the impact of preschool participation at age 4 varies across racial groups after accounting for selection differences (N = 7,400). Among a subsample of children living below a poverty threshold, no racial differences in preschool impact are detected. However, findings suggest that nonpoor Black children benefit substantially more from preschool than their nonpoor White or Hispanic peers. Implications of these findings are discussed toward understanding the potential of large-scale preschool interventions for narrowing racial achievement gaps.     

小学和学前教育本科专业实践课的改革与实验

小学和学前教育本科专业实践课具有突出的专业性、综合性、体验性、互动性、创新性特点。改革并构建小学和学前教育专业实践课模式有利于基础教育新师资职业素养的培养,有利于未来小学和幼儿园教师适应基础教育课程改革和新课程标准教学,有利于师范生个体的专业技能、能力和专业情意的互相转化。小学和学前教育本科专业实践课主要有教师基本技能训练课、特长活动课、专业体验课、专业研究性学习课四种课程形态。     

The World Bank’s position on early child education in Brazil: a critical assessment of contributions and shortcomings

In 2010, the World Bank published a policy study on early child education (ECE) developments in Brazil, entitled Early Child Education: Making Programs Work for Brazil’s Most Important Generation. Development. This paper analyses the report’s assessment of ECE policy in Brazil as well as the recommendations it provides. A critical analysis of ECE shows that the report’s insistence that financial constraints necessitate a trade-off between coverage and quality privileges the influence and position of the private sector and urges public–private partnerships as a cost-saving strategy. While it commends the Brazilian Government for its commitment to universal access to preschool, it argues for more targeted investment in quality rather than access. This paper argues that the quality-coverage debate should be set aside and overall investment in ECE should be increased. It also argues that issues excluded from the report such as disability, race and rural access to ECE must be considered in the development of sound social policy.     

“理实一体化”在学前教育专业教学实践中的意义

大力发展职业教育势在必行,要把发展职业教育作为经济社会发展的重要基础和教育工作的战略重点。要坚持以就业为导向,深化职业教育教学改革。因此,学前教育专业培养人才的特殊性更需要具备较强的"理实一体化",要转变教学观念,采用适当的教学方法和实践研究方法。     

提升高职学前教育专业学生职业素质的实践探索——基于《教师教育课程标准（试行）》的新思考

《教师教育课程标准（试行）》是关于教师教育改革的重要文件,其中提出的教师是儿童发展的促进者、教师是反思性实践者、教师是终身学习者的基本理念对幼儿教师的培养提出了新要求。重新审视高职学前教育专业学生的职业素质,探索实施途径,是实现人才培养的前提和保证。     

幼儿园教育改革政策落实过程中的误区透析——从文本传递质量看改革成效

本文针对我国幼儿园教育改革需要深化与发展的形势,分析了我国幼儿园教育改革政策落实过程中文本传递的质量,提出了分析幼儿园教育改革文本传递过程的内容分析框架,并透析了当前幼儿园教育改革在文本传递上的特点与误区,进而提出了教育改革成效的监控重点。     

基于线性自抗扰控制的工件台单扫描轴应用研究

随着新一代人工智能技术的发展,其在智慧教育领域的应用日趋深入。对幼儿园信息管理、家园互通、幼儿成长记录、幼儿成长分析进行研究,阐述人工智能技术应用于幼儿成长记录分析和家园共育中的重要性,并根据“互联网+”学前教育变革相关政策,提出基于人工智能技术的新型幼儿成长记录系统构建方案,以更好地记录幼儿成长过程相关信息,为幼儿成长及教育教学提供数据支持。     

促进流动儿童学前教育发展的实践探索——以广东省惠州市惠城区为例

流动儿童接受学前教育的问题日益突出,保障流动儿童的受教育权,解决流动儿童的入园问题,是当前学前教育领域重点关注的问题.广东省惠州市惠城区从自身发展现实出发,强调从健全机构、合理布局、社会参与、制度保障、规范管理等方面促进当地学前教育的改革与发展,为解决流动儿童的学前教育问题提供了一条切实可行的途径.其中,建立健全学前教育管理机构是前提,促进公办民办幼儿园共同和谐、健康发展是关键,由此必然要求地方政府创新办园机制、行政管理体系与监督机制,推行规范化管理,保证学前教育质量,同时严格控制幼儿园收费标准,优化资源配置,真正保障包括流动儿童在内的低收入家庭儿童接受学前教育的机会与权利,实现学前教育公平.     

高校毕业生考研的机会成本探究及对策建议——以大连地区D大学为例

考研作为一种"个人选择"是源自于每个考研者所做出的理性选择,作为一种"被选择"则是出于制度安排的结果和社会环境影响所致。通过实际调查,利用人力资本理论中对于教育投资进行成本-收益分析的理论和方法,对考研的投资收益进行量化的考察和比较,并引入投资回报率和明瑟收益模型对考研和就业的决策进行分析,通过对比分析得出结论:本科毕业后考研的收益并没有明显大于本科毕业后就业的收益,考研的机会成本已经开始增加;让考研回归理性必须通过国家、学校和个人三个层面共同做出努力,从而使高等教育就业得到持续健康的发展。     

对高校毕业生就业市场特点的认识

如何建立毕业生就业市场、建立怎样的就业市场，是当前业体制改革的重点和难点。社会主义市场经济体制改革的客观现实，教育事业发展的现状，高校招生、就业制度的改革等均呼唤毕业生就业市场的建立与完善，并且从就业制度改革的程度、毕业生谋职择业的成本、毕业生就业市场的管理及高校本身的职能等因素来看，均强调毕业生就业市场应以高校为主体。     

Kindergarten for all: Long run effects of a universal intervention

Theory and evidence point towards particularly positive effects of high-quality child care for disadvantaged children. At the same time, disadvantaged families often sort out of existing programs. To counter differences in learning outcomes between children from different socioeconomic backgrounds, governments are pushing for universal child care. However, it is unclear how effective programs with universal participation may be at addressing the needs of disadvantaged children. We provide evidence on the long-run effect on schooling of mandating kindergarten at age 5–6. Our identifying variation comes from a reform that lowered school starting-age from 7 to 6 in Norway in 1997. The new program was designed as a low intensity kindergarten program, similar to voluntary child care programs available before mandating. Our precise DD estimates reveal hardly any effect, both overall, across subsamples, and over the grading distribution. A battery of specification checks support our empirical strategy.