词汇学习观念与策略之调查比较研究

通过对非英语专业一年级学生的词汇学习观念与策略进行问卷调查并运用SPSS13.0独立样本T检验对调查结果进行高分组与低分组、文科生与理科生、女生与男生差异比较,了解不同群体学生词汇学习观念与策略的使用情况。调查结果显示:所有学生在观念上都赞成词汇应该在用中学,但在实际学习中还普遍运用重复策略。高分组、文科生和女生群体比低分组、理科生和男生群体更主动学习词汇,但还不能有效使用其他元认知策略。高分组、文科生和女生群体比低分组、理科生和男生群体使用更多的词汇学习策略。     

Savings without sacrifice: a case report on open-source textbook adoption

Rising textbook costs have prompted the development of open-source textbooks to increase access to education. The purpose of this case report is to examine open-source textbook adoption through the COUP framework (costs, outcomes, use, and perceptions) comparing a semester with a commercial textbook to a semester with an open-source textbook. Students (N = 520) were enrolled in an undergraduate course at a mid-sized public university in the United States. Results indicated that although costs were substantially lower, student learning outcomes and perceptions of quality were similar or better with an open-source textbook. Although students were much more likely to access the open-source textbook electronically, there were no differences in how they reported using the two textbooks to support their learning. Considering the financial savings of open-source textbooks, these findings build on existing empirical support that encourage the adoption of open-source textbooks.     

英国SATIS教材课题研究一例评析

进行课题研究是当前我国基础教育科学课程改革的一个重要方向。那么世界发达国家的科学课程中是如何选择和设计课题研究的呢 ?本文从英国SATIS教材中选取一例进行了评析 ,希望能对我们在科学教材中选择和设计课题研究有所启发。     

A focus on time-lapse ethnography: learning to teach

This article makes the claim that developing ethnographic work through follow-up interviews can add to our understanding of researched phenomena and explores how using concepts from Bourdieu and theories on the social construction of time strengthen the research design and add a stronger longitudinal diachronic element to data analysis. Extending an ethnographic study of learning to teach by interviewing respondents nine years after the study and after the completion of their teacher education course is shown to develop insights around the initial research findings by focusing on the temporal aspects of data. Adopting this methodological approach can develop small-scale qualitative work and contribute to an accumulation of research findings to avoid simply revisiting familiar research ground.     

Teaching strategies to promote concept learning by design challenges

Background: This study is the second study of a design-based research, organised around four studies, that aims to improve student learning, teaching skills and teacher training concerning the design-based learning approach called Learning by Design (LBD).

Purpose: LBD uses the context of design challenges to learn, among other things, science. Previous research shows that this approach to subject integration is quite successful but provides little profit on (scientific) concept learning. For this, a lack of (knowledge of) proper teaching strategies is suggested as an important reason. This study explores these strategies and more specific the interaction with concept learning.

Sample: Six Dutch first-year bachelor’s degree science student teachers, between the ages of 16 and 18, and two science teacher trainers (principal investigators included) were involved.

Design and methods: A mixed methods study was used to study LBD’s teaching practice in depth. Based on a theoretical framework of (concept) learning-related teaching strategies video recordings of a guided LBD challenge were analysed to unravel teacher handling in detail. Complemented by questionnaire and interview data and students’ learning outcomes (pre- and post-exam) the effectiveness of teaching strategies was established and shortcomings were distracted.

Results: Students reached medium overall learning gains where the highest gains were strongly task-related. Teacher handling was dominated by providing feedback and stimulating collaboration and only 13% of all teacher interventions concerned direct explication of underlying science. And especially these explicit teaching strategies were highly appreciated by students to learn about science.

Conclusions: In accordance with insights about knowledge transfer, LBD needs to be enriched with explicit teaching strategies, interludes according to poor-related science content important for cohesive understanding and de- and recontextualisation of concepts for deeper understanding.     

Teaching adolescents with learning disabilities to generate and use task-specific strategies

The effects of an intervention designed to enhance students' roles as control agents for strategic functioning were investigated. The goal was to increase the ability of students labeled learning disabled to generate new strategies or adapt existing task-specific strategies for meeting varying demands of the regular classroom. Measures were taken in three areas: (a) metacognitive knowledge related to generating or adapting strategies, (b) ability to generate problem-solving strategies for novel problems, and (c) the effects of the intervention on students' regular classroom grades and teachers' perceptions of the students' self-reliance and work quality. A multiple baseline across subjects design was used. The intervention resulted in dramatic increases in the subjects' verbal expression of metacognitive knowledge and ability to generate task-specific strategies. Students' regular class grades increased; for those students who did not spontaneously generalize use of the strategy to problems encountered in these classes, providing instruction to target specific classes resulted in improved grades. Teacher perceptions of students' self-reliance and work quality did not change, probably because baseline measures were already high in both areas. Implications for instruction and future research are discussed.     

论激发大学生英语口语学习动机的教学策略

动机策略一直被认为是激发学习动机的一个非常重要的因素,然而却很少有研究论证如果将动机策略应用于实际的语言教学课堂当中。本文讨论了教师在大学英语口语课堂上可以组织简单易行的活动,如角色扮演、小组讨论、口语展示、音乐赏析等,来激发学生学习动机,从而达到提高学习者口语水平的效果。     

Lifelong learning: concepts and conceptions

This article reviews a number of versions of the concept of Lifelong Learning and sets out the main lines of the conceptions of education articulated in them. It then goes on to suggest an alternative to attempts to produce essentialist definitions and proffers a pragmatic, problem solving approach. The article draws substantially on the book by the same authors The School, The Community and Lifelong Learning (London: Cassell, 1990).     

以学习过程为中心,探索远程教学的系统结构

本文从教学过程的基本规律出发,分析前人处理教和学矛盾的基本观点及问题。在此基础上,提出以学习过程为中心,适度教学平衡的教学思想,并据此对传统教学系统结构进行调整,形成以学习过程为中心的教学系统,然后根据远程教学的特点,将其演变为以学习过程为中心的远程教学系统并对其进行阐述。最后,根据我国国情,提出运用此教学系统指导实践应考虑的几个问题。     

Academic advising—a focus on learning

Eric White and Janet Schulenberg make the case that academic advisors have a particularly significant role to play in helping students reach higher‐learning outcomes.     

Timespace waves: A hypothetical ongoing process fundamental to communication

Communication is defined by Krippendorf as a process of transmission of structure among the parts of a system which are identifiable in time and space. The main concepts comprising this definition, process, structure, system, time and space are defined, with special attention to time and space.A timespace wave construct, derived from Allport's event-structure theory of behavioral organization, is presented as a hypothetical ongoing process fundamental to communication. In Laszlo's systems view of the world, this construct is the invariance of organization across the components of a system.One implication of the timespace wave construct for educational research is that it subsumes the internal organization of the parts of a system as well as the organization of the processing of a message performed by these parts. The hypothesis may help to correct the current relative neglect of concern for methods and media in instruction and mental skills and moods in cognition. Concepts from non-Euclidena geometry, nuclear physics, eastern mysticism, psychophysics and stimulus-response psychology are cited in support of the hypothesis.The possibility is suggested of using constructs from the theory of electricity as analogies for developing practical timespace wave analytical procedures.The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private ones of the author, and are not to be construed as official or as necessarily reflecting the views of the Department of the Navy. Since submitting this article, the author has retired from the NPRDC; enquiries should be sent to him at 4363 Trias Street, San Diego, CA 92103.     

From Doing to Learning: Changed focus during a pre-school learning study project on organic decomposition

We explored the use of the learning study (LS) model in developing Swedish pre-school science learning. This was done by analysing a 3-cycle LS project implemented to help a group of pre-school teachers (n?=?5) understand their science educational practice, by collaboratively and systematically challenging it. Data consisted of video recordings of 1 screening (n?=?7), 1 initial planning meeting, 3 analysis meetings, 3 interventions, and 78 individual test interviews with the children (n?=?26). The study demonstrated that the teachers were initially uncomfortable with using scientific concepts and with maintaining the children's focus on the object of learning without framing it with play. During the project, we noted a shift in focus towards the object of learning and how to get the children to discern it. As teachers’ awareness changed, enhanced learning was noted among the children. The study suggests that the LS model can promote pre-school science learning as follows: by building on, re-evaluating, and expanding children's experiences; and by helping the teachers focus on and contrast critical aspects of an object of learning, and to reflect on the use of play, imagination, and concepts and on directing the children's focus when doing so. Our research showed that the LS model holds promise to advance pre-school science learning by offering a theoretical tool useable to shift the focus from doing to learning while teaching science using learning activities.     

Teaching strategies and differential effectiveness across learning contexts: Evidence from PISA 2012

Modern educational theories emphasise effectiveness enhancing factors at the classroom level and differential effectiveness for sub-groups of students and across different learning contexts. Theoretical developments, however, are generally based on national evidence and have been criticised for lacking cross-cultural perspectives. This study used PISA 2012 data to examine how subject-specific teaching strategies related to mathematics performance of students across education systems whilst considering curvilinear associations and interactions with the socio-economic and instructional context. The results provide consistent evidence of a positive curvilinear relationship between cognitive activation strategies and mathematics performance. The association tends to be stronger in schools with a positive disciplinary climate and for students from advantaged socio-economic backgrounds, but not in every education system. Teacher-directed strategies are positively related to mathematics performance, but the association tends to become negative for high levels of teacher-directed instruction. Associations of student-oriented strategies with mathematics performance are inconsistent. The cross-national evidence contributes to the knowledge base of educational theory.     

Keeping the focus on teaching and learning

This article presents findings from a pioneer study addressing the first co-action between students with intellectual disabilities and an Academy of Music in Sweden. The aim of the article is to study and discuss subject positions that are constructed in rhythmic lessons related to a gathering where students with intellectual disabilities interact with a group of Master of Education in Music students at an Academy of Music, and also to describe how constructions of identity are manifested in the interaction between the actors. With poststructuralist and social constructionist theories as theoretical framework, video observations were conducted to enable an overarching view of the pedagogic practice. The findings reveal that the gathering between the groups becomes an expression of inclusion functioning as exclusion, since the teacher’s position the students with intellectual disabilities in ways that obstruct equal interaction with the other student group. Finally, implications of the findings are discussed in addition to inclusion as an ideal model in educational settings.     

Self-directed learning: A fundamental competence in a rapidly changing world

International Review of Education - Self-directed learning is a fundamental competence for adults living in our modern world, where social contextual conditions are changing rapidly, especially in...     

课堂教学要设法让学生注意力集中

注意力是一个人获取外部信息所必须具有的能力。学生注意力涉及授课的成败。为了让学生注意力集中在学习上 ,我在教学实践中就这方面做了些探索。一、变换方法 ,让学生上课后迅速集中注意力。打铃后一两分钟 ,总会有些学生嬉闹着走进教室。耍兴未尽 ,坐下后还要侧身转首 ,交头接耳 ,然后才慢慢翻书、提笔。不只耽搁自己的时间 ,也影响其他同学的注意力。为了上课后让学生迅速集中注意力 ,我或者让科代表安排某个善讲幽默故事的同学 ,利用讲课前三分钟给大家讲个幽默故事 ;或者让各小组的同学轮流在黑板上默写课文里的诗句 ,其他同学对照检查…     

落实科学发展观实现高教新跨越

我国高等教育在新的历史时期必须确立新的思路,以科学发展观为指导,实现高等教育全面协调持续发展。结合辽宁实际,笔者提出:落实科学发展观,必须以发展为主题,科学确立发展节奏与速率,确保高等教育发展的“先导性与持续性”的有机统一;以结构优化为主线,确保高等教育结构与本地建设相适应;以质量为核心,提高高等教育为本地服务的综合实力;以体制和机制创新为动力,走出提升高等教育水平的新路子,从而实现高等教育的新跨越。