Using Motivational Interviewing Techniques to Address Parallel Process in Supervision

Supervision offers a distinct opportunity to experience the interconnection of counselor–client and counselor–supervisor interactions. One product of this network of interactions is parallel process, a phenomenon by which counselors unconsciously identify with their clients and subsequently present to their supervisors in a similar fashion ( Searles, 1955 ). Addressing parallel process has the potential to be valuable in the advancement of counselor development, but few strategies exist in the literature for working with the phenomenon. The authors describe the use of motivational interviewing as one method for effectively addressing parallel process in supervision.     

Utilizing Motivational Interviewing to Address Resistant Behaviors in Clinical Supervision

Motivational interviewing is presented as an approach to address resistant behaviors in clinical supervision. A case example is used to illustrate the process in which the relational and technical elements of motivational interviewing can be applied to supervisee resistance. Implications for supervisors and researchers are discussed.     

Motivational Interviewing for Smoking Cessation Among College Students

Motivational interviewing has shown some success as an intervention for college student cigarette smokers. We tested the efficacy and process of a two session motivational-interviewing-based smoking intervention compared to an assessment/information session. College student participants assigned to the motivational interviewing condition did not differ significantly from participants in the assessment/information condition on smoking outcome variables one month later. However, both groups reported significant decreases in self-reported smoking over time, suggesting that brief interventions for college student smoking can be efficacious. Consistent with theory, the motivational interviewing group reported a significant increase in self-efficacy over time and reported stronger perceptions of the therapeutic alliance after the first session compared to assessment/information participants.     

Examining How Motivational Interviewing May Foster College Student Development

Professional counselors practicing in higher education settings aspire to meet the developmental needs of college students in addition to addressing their mental health and substance use concerns. Motivational interviewing (MI) is an evidence‐based counseling approach that focuses on enhancing motivation and commitment to change. This article describes how professional counselors working in higher education settings might apply MI to foster college student development while helping students make positive behavior changes.     

Using Solution-Focused Approaches in Motivational Interviewing with Young People

This article explores the theory and practice of using the solution-focused approach of motivational interviewing (MI) with young people. MI is based on the premise that people are not always at a stage of readiness to change behaviours, such as smoking, drinking or drug use, which are perceived by others to be problematic. The article explores the theoretical and research background to the approach as well as the practical application. There then follows an illustrative case study of the work with a boy approximately 12 years old. The article concludes with a critical look at the work and suggestions for its potential application in schools. The authors conclude that this is a useful approach and recommend further research in educational settings.     

Alcohol and Drug Abuse in College Students

Professional experience has ragged behind patient experience in the area of substance and alcohol use. The purpose of this paper is to remedy that situation. Drug and alcohol use may or may not have reached a plateau for college students by the mid-1980s. Yet disorders related to drugs and alcohol will remain a problem for many in our society. It is during the college years that these disorders will begin for many students, only to take on more serious consequences later. For a smaller number, problems will become apparent during college. Among the functions of a university or college, is preparation of students for the responsibilities and challenges of adult life. Exposure to the specific hazards of late 20th century life should be part of that education. This would suggest that didactic exposure as well as counseling help be available to all those wishing to learn more about the effects of pleasure-producing drugs on the body, the mind, and on human development. Counseling services and college health services will be called on to serve key roles in offering of information on, and help for drug- and alcohol-related problems. The difficulty of diagnosis and the differences in forming a treatment allilance with a student with Substance Abuse Disorder (as opposed to other psychological problems without SUD) will be the focus of this paper. These differences will be a challenge to counselors and other college personnel without specific training in SUD. This paper suggests ways in which these challenges cna be overcome. Among the approaches suggested are: diagnosis and treatment alertness for SUD among students, personal enrichment through treatment supervised by colleagues with experience in the field, careful liasion with college administrators, and the promotion of a variety of infomation and treatment options on campus and within the counseling services. Any steps taken by college counselors in these areas will reap healthy rewards that prevention and early intervention can yield. Considering the enormity of SUD problems personally and socially, these rewards will be great.     

Understanding College Alcohol Abuse and Academic Performance: Selecting Appropriate Intervention Strategies

This article summarizes research linking alcohol abuse to poor academic performance, decreased student retention, and problems for the campus community. It provides an overview of 3 theoretical perspectives on reducing problematic alcohol consumption, discusses brief interventions as the treatment of choice, and offers suggestions to college counselors for alcohol prevention programming on their campuses.     

Exploring the use of Motivational Interviewing with a disengaged primary-aged child

Research suggests motivational interviewing (MI) techniques are both widely-used by educational psychologists (EPs) and effective in supporting young people of secondary age. To date, there has been no published research investigating the use of MI with primary-aged children. This study details the use of a short MI-based intervention with a primary-aged pupil identified as disengaged. A case-based approach was employed, using pupil and teacher interviews and observational fieldnotes to assess the usefulness of the intervention. Data were analysed using thematic analysis and the intervention checked for adherence to the MI spirit and principles. Here the process, structure and outcomes of the intervention are exemplified through an illustrative case study with a nine-year-old boy. Results indicate that the adapted intervention had a significant impact on learning motivation and classroom behaviour. The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the use of school-based therapeutic interventions by EPs.     

An Alternative Counseling Model for Alcohol Abuse in College: A Case Study

Abstinence education remains a prevailing approach for addressing college student alcohol abuse. This case study illustrates an alternative method of intervening that combines motivational interviewing, harm reduction, and a brief solution‐focused model. The counseling approach illustrated emphasizes reduction in, rather than abstinence from, drinking behaviors and therefore may be especially useful on campuses where cultural context rejects abstinence and where many student constituents resist engaging in traditional abstinence approaches.     

Motivational Interviewing Strategies for Disaffected Secondary School Students: A case example

This study considers the application and effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing (MI) as an intervention strategy for secondary school pupils experiencing disaffection. Using a case study example, the process of intervention and the use of specific techniques from other psychological approaches are described. Results identify issues concerning the process of MI and discuss implications of MI work for the educational practitioner. In conclusion, a positive evaluation of the general usefulness of the model within current educational psychology practice is made, highlighting possibilities to evaluate applications of MI interventions involving psychologists with younger pupils or teachers and parents.     

英国维多利亚时期的女性酗酒现象分析

女性酗酒是英国维多利亚时期一个较为突出的社会现象。女性酗酒者不仅违背了当时的法律规定,同时也违背了社会性别规范。这致使她们遭受了比男性酗酒者更为严厉地对待。本文试图从这一时期女性酗酒的事实、社会对女性酗酒的谴责和刑罚处置出发,展现社会性别在女性酗酒问题上所起的建构作用。     

The Effect of a Brief Training in Motivational Interviewing on Trainee Skill Development

Motivational interviewing (MI) is an empirically based practice that provides counselors with methods for working with resistant and ambivalent clients. Whereas previous research has demonstrated the effectiveness of training current clinicians in this evidenced‐based practice, no research has investigated the efficacy of teaching MI to counselors‐in‐training who work with clients from the general population. The authors examined the effect of a student‐based training in MI for 43 graduate‐level counselor trainees using a quasi‐experimental controlled design. Statistical analyses based on pretest and posttest assessments revealed participants’ knowledge and skill in MI significantly improved in the treatment group. Implications for training future counselors and suggestions for additional research are explored.     

Professional Issues: Alcohol Abuse and College Counseling: An Overview of Research and Practice

Recent research suggests that alcohol abuse is widespread among college students, with approximately 20% of all students qualifying as heavy drinkers and over 40% of students reporting at least 1 binge-drinking episode in a given 2-week period. This drinking is associated with a number of adverse consequences, including sexual misconduct, damage to property, academic difficulty, drunk driving, unsafe sex, and suicidality. This article identifies tools that have demonstrated value in detecting and assessing alcohol problems and summarizes those counseling approaches that have been found to be successful and unsuccessful in reducing alcohol consumption. A major conclusion is that the structure and content of most campus counseling services are poorly suited to deliver high quality interventions for students with alcohol problems. Five steps are identified far improving the level of programming for at-risk college and university students.     

On Using Bayesian Methods to Address Small Sample Problems

As Bayesian methods continue to grow in accessibility and popularity, more empirical studies are turning to Bayesian methods to model small sample data. Bayesian methods do not rely on asympotics, a property that can be a hindrance when employing frequentist methods in small sample contexts. Although Bayesian methods are better equipped to model data with small sample sizes, estimates are highly sensitive to the specification of the prior distribution. If this aspect is not heeded, Bayesian estimates can actually be worse than frequentist methods, especially if frequentist small sample corrections are utilized. We show with illustrative simulations and applied examples that relying on software defaults or diffuse priors with small samples can yield more biased estimates than frequentist methods. We discuss conditions that need to be met if researchers want to responsibly harness the advantages that Bayesian methods offer for small sample problems as well as leading small sample frequentist methods.     

用DELPHI4开发客户机/服务器程序的探讨

本文针对网上数据库应用,提出用ＤＥＬＰＨＩ开发客户机/服务器程序的方法,并给出了建立服务器程序、客户机程序和将客户机/服务器结构扩展到ＩＮＴＥＲＮＥＴ等具体步骤。该方法和步骤具有简单、快捷、高效、成本低等优点。     

网络环境下高校图书馆的采访工作

本文分析了采访工作的现状，探讨了网络环境对采访工作提出的新要求，以及网络环境下高校图书馆的采访工作渠道的改进人员素质的提高及资源的合理配置等问题。     

Using Multiple Measures to Address Perverse Incentives and Score Inflation

The principle that important decisions should not be based on a single measure is axiomatic, if widelu ignored in practice. The traditional rationale is the risk of incorrect decisions from incomplete and error-prone data. The current high-stakes uses of test scores increase the need for multiple measures for two distinct reasons: the risk of score inflation and the potential for perverse incentives for educators and students. Addressing these two issues may require focusing accountability on measures of schooling as well as a much wider range of measures of student outcomes. The difficulties of pursuing this approach are described, and some possible directions for research and development are noted.     

使用Winsock控件开发服务器/客户端程序

本文介绍了VB中WinSock控件的属性、方法．并对使用WinSock控件开发C／S模式应用程序作了的论述，最后通过设计一个聊天程序说明基于Winsock控件的C／S模式应用程序的实际开发．     

大学生就业存在的问题及对策研究——基于对人力资源经理的访谈

当前,大学生就业形势严峻,各界都在研究和讨论大学生就业问题.本文基于对北京地区30家企业人力资源经理的深入访谈,从用人单位角度,探讨大学生就业存在的问题及相应对策.