Ethical and moral matters in teaching and teacher education

The author reviews a set of articles on ethical and moral matters in teaching and teacher education previously published by Teaching and Teacher Education. Comparisons are made and a summary of findings offered.     

Educational assessment policy and practice: a matter of ethics

Long-standing concerns within the field of educational assessment consider the impact of assessment policy and practice as matters of equity, inequality and social justice. Yet educational assessment policy and practice continues to have powerful social consequences for key users such as children and young people. This paper re-positions these consequences as a matter of ethics. It uses the work of Messick to frame how ethical matters extend beyond test instruments into the realm of uses and impact. A case study of the 11+ school transfer system in Northern Ireland is presented to illustrate ethical dilemmas emerging as a consequence of actions and decisions of using assessment systems for particular purposes. In looking forward to how we might attend to ethical matters in assessment policy and practice, a consideration of a children’s rights approach is outlined that may provide a moral and legal framework for action.     

死刑存废伦理原则的辩护力探析

死刑是刑罚体系中最为严厉的一种刑罚.然而,死刑的废止,或者至少是慎用,已是大势所趋.存置论和废除论的伦理依据的辩护力:人道主义原则、功利主义原则和义务论原则.每一原则都有显见的合理性,同时任何一种建立在单一伦理原则基础上的死刑主张又有理论或实践上的明显缺陷,不能构成自己主张的充分依据,我们应该思考什么样的司法理论和实践能够更好地包容这些原则的合理性一面.     

阮籍对待礼教态度之再考察

历来探讨阮籍对待礼教的态度大多从其言任事或相关论入手。由于阮籍言论行事，论中矛盾之处甚多，论往往怕章取义，得出十分松散甚至是自相矛盾的结论，因而有深入探讨的必要。本以《咏怀诗》为基点，全面结合阮籍的生平，论，从阮籍对待礼教人士的态度，他的思想，行为方式的变化以及他对整个礼教的反思三个方面入手，认籽无籍后期对礼教进行了否定。     

近代情感主义伦理学道德探析

十七世纪英国经验主义伦理学是与欧洲大陆理性主义伦理学不断争论中发展起来的,从最初的理性主义逐渐向情感主义转化,观点的转变首先体现在对道德感的重视,注重对人心理和道德感的研究。本文前人对伦理学研究的基础上,对近代情感主义伦理学中的道德进行探析。     

It matters whether reading comprehension is conceptualised as rate or accuracy

This study shows that it makes a difference whether accuracy measures or rate measures are used when assessing reading comprehension. When the outcome is reading comprehension accuracy (i.e., the number of correct responses), word reading skills (measured as access to orthographic representations) account for a modest amount of the variance in the reading comprehension of 10‐year old children. However, this changes when reading comprehension is conceptualised as rate (i.e., number of correct responses per minute); when this is done, the correlation with word reading increases. The result was validated in two different reading comprehension tests. Moreover, this study indicates that it is not merely efficient word reading that influences the process of comprehending at a fast rate. When word reading and receptive vocabulary are controlled, a written measure of the ability to access and connect similar word meanings (synonym judgement) explains additional variance in reading comprehension rate.     

The biomedical doctorate in the contemporary university: education or training and why it matters

The form and function(s) of doctoral education continue to be a subject of much debate by stakeholders internal and external to the university. Notable concerns driving this debate derive from a seemingly discursive array of factors including increasing student numbers, increased understanding of the economic value of doctoral graduates, capitalisation of the academic market and a focus on allocating funding using ostensibly narrow, arbitrary measures of ‘program success’ such as completion rates/time to completion, all framed by a wider debate regarding precisely what constitutes valid knowledge in contemporary society. Within the university, the biomedical sciences are one area of scholarship undergoing rapid change in this respect. One of the salient outcomes of these internal and external dialogues is the apparent transition of biomedical doctoral education towards a ‘training model’ that places increasing emphasis on rapid completion and the generation of ‘industry ready graduates’; a transition that is, potentially, occurring at the expense of the edifying and transformative aspects of biomedical doctoral education. Focusing on the effects of academic capitalisation, this paper draws on data from Australia and Europe to examine the drivers and potential effect(s) of this shift on contemporary doctoral education in the biomedical sciences. This paper acknowledges the potential benefit of contemporary developments whilst simultaneously concluding that by progressing too far towards a quantitatively assessed, industry-driven training model we risk eliminating the intellectual and societal transforming aspects of biomedical doctoral education that make graduates increasingly valuable to our economy and, just as importantly, to our society as a whole.     

“称赞”抑或“敬重”:从伦理概念到德育实践

称赞与敬重是古典伦理学中两个迥异的重要伦理概念,然而在"躲避崇高"的现代社会中却遗忘了二者的区分及其背后的理论依据。通过对勘亚里士多德的《尼各马可伦理学》与康德的《道德形而上学原理》,辨明称赞与敬重的对象及活动原则各有不同。在德育实践中,应遵循称赞与敬重的规定性,区分值得称赞与值得敬重的事物,走出实践中的活动误区,以促学习者之道德成长。     

安乐死的道德困境与伦理辩护

"安乐死"从产生之日起就是一个非常敏感同时也是个非常复杂的问题。它涉及医学、风俗、伦理、法律、道义等各个方面。因此安乐死面临着一系列道德困境,但笔者认为,安乐死的合法化是一个漫长的必然性过程,因为它是符合道德的,它是现代社会的呼唤。     

汉代伦理行为的功利化——以汉代伦理与制度整合、互动为考察中心

汉代为伦理与制度整合、互动的关键时期。本文由汉代政府旌表对孝、忠行为之认可等方面入手,分析孝、忠伦理行为由出自天性缘于内在情感的个人行为到为官方制度引导和控制的功利化之社会行为的变异过程,探讨了两汉社会政治伦理教化的变异及影响。     

Relative effectiveness of reading practice or word-level instruction in supplemental tutoring: how text matters

In this quasi-experimental study, which is part of a series of investigations on supplemental reading tutoring variations, the relative effectiveness of more intense decoding instruction or text reading practice was examined. Fifty-seven first-grade students scoring in the lowest quartile for reading skills received either classroom reading instruction or one of two treatments: tutoring in word study with text reading practice, or word study tutoring alone. Individual instruction was provided by trained paraprofessional tutors. At the end of first grade, treatment students significantly outperformed their nontutored peers on measures of reading accuracy, reading comprehension, reading efficiency, passage reading fluency, and spelling. Differential treatment effects on passage reading fluency are examined, taking into consideration pretest skill levels and text reading practice characteristics.     

埃德娜的伦理悲剧——伦理视角下的《觉醒》

《觉醒》是美国女性文学中一座里程碑式的作品。从伦理学批评的角度解读该小说的伦理意义,为重估其文学价值提供一个新的视角。主要观点:在父权制伦理与资本主义伦理双重压迫下,主人公埃德娜陷入伦理困境中,经历了"叛逆—顺从—挣扎—超越"的心路历程,最终在自杀中实现了自我的超越。从这个意义上说,《觉醒》是一出伦理悲剧,是肖班对美国19世纪末的女性如何建构伦理秩序的自觉探讨。     

关于可持续发展战略的伦理学思考——团体伦理问题研究

全球生态环境危机，是由无数个人以一定的方式组织和联系起来。利用日益发达的现代科技，向大自然无节制索取造成的，今天必须研究由个人组成的团体及其行为的道德意义。并建立必要的团体伦理规范，团体伦理研究在实施可持续发展战略中具有非常重要的作用。人们应对不同层次的团体进行伦理研究，以促进可持续发展战略的实现。     

注重道德接受心理研究 提高学校道德教育效果

在阐述注重道德接受心理研究的理论及现实依据的基础上,提出了注重道德接受心理研究才能有效提高学校道德教育效果的新思路,并提出了道德接受心理研究的3个主要研究方向：即注重接受主体“前在性”的道德接受心理倾向、道德接受心理障碍以及道德接受心理优化研究。     

应用伦理学研究的新视野：机器人伦理

高科技发展尤其是机器人的广泛应用引发了人们对应用伦理学的再思考,机器人伦理的出现进一步深化了这一问题。它以其交叉性的学科特点扩展了应用伦理学的研究视野,同时,机器人伦理的现实应用也有利于技术的协调发展与和谐人机关系的构建。