论科学合理性的历史逻辑演化

自上世纪50年代以来,随着现代科学技术的迅速发展,西方哲学界出现了各种以研究科学方法论与科学发展规律为己任的科学哲学流派,如逻辑经验主义,逻辑实用主义,证伪主义,历史主义,新历史主义等等。     

科学哲学方法论:走向语境化

现代西方科学哲学在近一个世纪如火如荼的发展中 ,形成了逻辑经验主义、证伪主义、历史主义、新历史主义等种种流派。从方法论的角度看 ,它经历了非语境方法、拟语境方法、语境方法三个发展阶段 ,每个阶段都有不同的形式。非语境方法包括实证方法、逻辑分析方法、证伪方法。拟语境方法包括知识整体方法、约定主义方法、操作主义方法、范式方法、研究纲领方法、研究传统方法、信息域方法、多元主义方法。语境方法包括历史实践认识方法、多元整合方法、语境论方法、再语境化方法、解释学方法     

贝叶斯推理的认知困境及其消解

贝叶斯推理是以贝叶斯定理为基础的一种归纳推理形式,它可以成功避免经典统计推理中的主观因素问题和先验回避问题,并有效消解科学确证、科学接受和归纳逻辑中的诸多悖论和难题,因而在现代归纳逻辑发展史上占据着重要地位,并形成了一种关于归纳推理研究的"贝叶斯主义纲领"。但贝叶斯推理会导致许多与直观概率判断相悖的结论,从而形成诸多的认知困境。这就对贝叶斯推理的有效性形成了挑战。借助认知科学的知识可知:认知困境的产生并不是因为贝叶斯推理本身有问题,而是因为人们在进行直观判断时倾向于采用启发式判断策略。通过采用"使用自然频率来表征概率信息"和"使用无代表性内容的问题"等方式可以有效消解此类认知困境。     

历史唯物主义与历史主义问题

把握马克思与历史主义问题的关系是理解历史唯物主义理论的一条新路径.历史唯物主义从自然与历史的有限统一、结构与历史的辩证统一成功地战胜了历史主义研究方法的困境.历史主义不仅仅是一种方法论,其背后有着深厚的历史观基础.历史唯物主义克服历史主义困境,也不仅仅是在方法论层面,历史唯物主义通过诉诸于人的实践活动的"有限目的论"解决了历史主义不得不"假手于上帝"的困境,从而解决了历史主义关于历史意义的根基问题.     

科学哲学研究中的必要张力——“科学哲学:现状与问题”全国研讨会述评

2013年在梅州召开的"科学哲学:现状与问题"全国研讨会,非常成功。其中,武汉大学程炼教授和北京大学吴国盛教授分别从两个重要的侧面考察了科学哲学。前者因其着重于"精细的语义分析",有点像逻辑主义,而后者因其着重于"对概念历史渊源的追溯",则有点像历史主义。对科学哲学研究而言,我们所要做的是科学史与科学哲学的结合,逻辑主义与历史主义的统一,"精细的语义分析"与"追溯概念的历史渊源",两者之间应当保持"必要的张力"。     

现代西方科学方法论发展的趋势

本文以马克思主义观点审视现代西方科学方法论的演变趋势,揭示了现代西方科学方法论三大模型——预设主义的逻辑模型、相对主义的历史模型以及逻辑与历史相结合模型——的主要特征,并对西方各派方法论的成就与兴衰的缘由,作出了理论的概括和系统的评估。     

经济学与政治学中的"历史制度分析"

历史制度分析不仅仅是新制度经济学的最新理论进展,也是政治学中"新制度主义"的前沿领域,同时,它还是社会科学领域新兴的一种研究方法.其方法论特征主要有:(1)"历史是重要的";(2)制度作为分析的逻辑起点;(3)演化博弈观;(4)制度统合性:大范围跨域的分析.     

论拉卡托斯“科学纲领”的进步性及其启示——从经济学方法论研究的视角分析

科学哲学中拉卡托斯的科学研究纲领方法论是在融合了波普尔的朴素证伪主义与库恩的历史主义的方法论基础上形成的,他的理论比波普尔朴素证伪主义更适合在经济学方法论中应用。力图通过梳理拉卡托斯的科学研究纲领方法论在经济学中的应用情况,指出其进步性和启发意义,并揭示其对经济学方法论的影响。     

试论米塞斯经济学方法论的历史线索

奥地利经济学派新与自由主义经济学重要代表人物米塞斯以其行动学方法论而著称,其行动学体系有着一条理性主义的演绎逻辑红线,其中方法论个人主义是其基本点。通过对历史主义、实证主义方法论以及方法论整体主义的反思与批判,米塞斯的方法论学说为经济学方法论作出了重要贡献。通过对米塞斯行动学方法论的比较式学理研究,有助于更深刻理解和把握现代经济学思潮的发展义理。     

当代西方科学方法论发展的新特点

本文在审视20世纪西方科学方法论三大模型的基础上,深刻论述了现代西方科学方法论发展趋势的新特点：建立新的发明主义纲领;深化对科学合理性与进步性的研究,扩展对科学推理和准逻辑方法的研究,文章预言,未来的科学方法论将是逻辑与历史统一的、动态开放的模型。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

The Reader Response Approach to Teaching of English Literature

During interview with English majors, it was found that a majority of students expressed disappointment with their experience of English literature classes. Students' dislike of learning English literature appears to be the major problem of teaching English literature in China. Reader response approach is a good way to solve this problem. In this paper, I explain the rationale behind the reader response approach, such as its origin, definition, features, assumptions, and strategies. Then I illustrate how reader response approach works as a teaching strategy by presenting several teaching models. At last I evaluate its usefuiness for teachers and present the advantages of reader response approach in Chinese context.