印度高校毕业生就业状况评估及启示

本文从印度高校毕业生就业的宏观环境和高等教育现状出发,分析了印度高校毕业生就业的总体特征和模式,提出了可供解决我国目前面临的高校毕业生就业难的思考.     

Stay or Migrate? An Empirical Study of the Relationship between Place of Work,Place of Study and Birthplace

Based on a 2009 national survey on college graduate employment in China, this article analyzes the relationship of college graduates’ place of work to their birthplace and where they attend college, using a conditional logit model. The findings indicate that graduates tend to stay to work in their birthplaces or places of study, controlling for economic, higher education, and personal characteristics. Graduates from Project 211 key universities and those with graduate degrees are more likely than non-211 graduates or bachelor or associate graduates to leave their birthplaces but stay to work in their places of study. To balance the distribution of college graduates and improve the efficiency of human resources, existing labor market segmentation should be broken down and more emphasis placed on the distribution of higher education.     

General or vocational? The tough choice in the Chinese education policy

China has made great efforts to vocationalise its senior secondary education in the belief that vocational education better than general education can prepare young people with the skills needed for employment in industry. This runs against a large empirical literature from the last few decades arguing strongly against vocational education on employment opportunity and cost-effectiveness grounds. This paper examines the relationship between employees' educational (and other) backgrounds and their performance in the workplace, as well as their income, based on a survey of 1433 employees in two cities in China. It concludes that pre-employment education gives better work performance, but that vocational education does not lead to better performance than general education.     

Graduate pathways: A longitudinal study of graduates in outdoor studies in the U.K.

A longitudinal study provides a more detailed analysis of the career pathways of graduates than the First Destination Survey can achieve. This survey of 41% of graduates from a BSc (Honours) Outdoor Studies degree also examines the importance of named skills to their careers and the success of the degree in developing each skill. Two thirds of graduates surveyed were in careers related to Outdoor Studies and there is an increasing relevance of employment activity to degree and work satisfaction with time in the workplace. However, there is no trend towards increasing graduate level employment in the workplace with indications that the majority of Outdoor Studies graduates seem to make choices based on interest, values or work satisfaction rather than salary or status, beyond a baseline of earnings (which contributes to a low unemployment rate). Personal and process skills, often poorly developed in other degree programmes, are developed successfully within the Outdoor Studies degree and applied in the workplace. It is suggested that suitably qualified Outdoor Studies graduates are able to find employment in the outdoor industry but that this will need monitoring in the future. The need for, and the development of, outdoor technical skills may be illustrative of a circular argument but graduates report the need for further National Governing Body award opportunities and professional experience at undergraduate level.     

Limitation on the development of skills in higher education in Vietnam

This study investigates the perceptions of higher education students, recent graduates and employers in Vietnam on the issue of skill development in the higher education system in Vietnam. Enhancing skill development is considered essential for students, not only to pursue their study, but also for their success later, at work and in life. The results suggest that though there is evidence of effort to change, to include and to develop soft skills in the system, the central-controlled curriculum, the traditional teaching method, the prevalence of passiveness among students and cultural features all hinder the effort of developing skills for university students. The limitation in skill development during university is considered one of the biggest barriers preventing university graduates from making a smooth transition to the workplace.     

性教育师资职前培养现状分析

以目前国内唯一仍在持续招生的性教育辅修专业为例,以全部10届462名报读学生为总样本,采用问卷调查为主要方式,调查其报读动机、家庭支持度、学习体验、学习前后的观念变化、在工作中开展性教育的情况等。81.8%的学生报读性教育辅修专业时具有知性懂爱的动机,却仅有8.4%的学生希望在将来教学过程中教授性相关知识;专业学习前后学生在性与性教育方面知识、技能和态度综合自评差异极其显著(p≤0.001);毕业后开展过性教育的人数比例为53.5%,而成为教师的毕业生有高达69.2%以上的人开展过性教育;80.0%的学生在工作和学习中向身边的人普及过性教育。学生报读动机更多是出于自身接受性教育的需要,通过学习能提升开展性教育的意愿,仍然能很好地达成培养目标;从事教师职业的毕业生开展性教育活动的比例较高,远高于从事其他职业的毕业生;师范专业学生学习性教育非常必要,意义重大。     

Workplace Learning in Dual Higher Professional Education

Workplace learning is considered an effective strategy for the development of vocation, career and professional identity. Dual training programs, in which learning at a vocational school and learning at work in a company are combined, are seen as strong carriers for skill formation processes. In this study we explore workplace learning in dual training programs in Dutch higher professional education. To gain an understanding of these learning environments and processes, a qualitative multiple case study was conducted in seven sectors. The findings show substantial differences in learning environments between and within sectors. However, cooperation between school and practice is minimal in all of the cases. Although students develop personal and job-related competencies that are useful for daily work routines, they acquire hardly any profound theoretical knowledge at the workplace. School fails to direct workplace learning. Given the considerable share of workplace learning in dual training programs, and the demands to higher professional education graduates in terms of being able to solve complex problems and develop new knowledge during their career as reflective practitioners, it is important that these shortcomings are resolved. More promising alternatives for workplace learning environments and questions for further research to improve workplace learning in higher professional education are discussed.     

Graduates’ evaluations of usefulness of university education,and early career success – a longitudinal study of the transition to working life

A successful transition from university to working life requires that graduates are able to employ their education and academic competences in real working-life contexts. Our previous research showed that graduates varied in how they were able to reflect on their competences at the time of graduation. The present longitudinal mixed-method study follows the same graduates and explores their evaluations of the usefulness of university education and career success, three years after graduation. The follow-up data consisted of 57 graduates’ survey answers analysed by quantitative and qualitative methods. The results showed that graduates who were able to describe and evaluate more competences at the time of graduation perceived their current jobs to correspond more to their education. Graduates with more limited evaluations of their competences, on the other hand, had experienced more challenges related to employment and were more uncertain of their goals. The results also showed that having diverse competences and an ability to recognise them at the time of graduation is important for later career success and may also be related to what kind of challenges graduates face in working life.     

高等职业技术教育对劳动生产率影响的实证研究

本文结合我国当前社会、经济技术条件的特殊性,通过深入企业调查、整体抽样,用回归分析方法建立数学模型,并对所获得资料进行分析,从而得出结论:若专业对口,高职毕业生将比普通高校毕业生有较高的工作满意程度和工作努力程度,并有较好的工作绩效;在合作气氛较好的工作组织内,个人教育背景方面的差异所导致的个人劳动生产率的差异将会小于合作气氛较差的工作组织内的同类差异;无论高职还是普通高校毕业生,劳动者特征诸因素与工作特征诸因素结合匹配的差别直接影响劳动生产率;普通高校毕业生在应付技术更新和职业变换时,将更能适应一个动态环境的工作要求。     

Modelling graduate skill transfer from university to the workplace

This study explores skill transfer in graduates as they transition from university to the workplace. Graduate employability continues to dominate higher education agendas yet the transfer of acquired skills is often assumed. The study is prompted by documented concern with graduate performance in certain employability skills, and prevalent skill gaps across developed economies. Using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modelling (SEM), it models skill transfer in 674 business graduates from 39 different Australian universities. Findings support extant literature with the three areas of learner, learning programme and workplace characteristics influencing transfer. The model highlights the need for a more process-oriented, rather than outcomes-focused, approach to the acquisition and transfer of skills in graduates and the shared responsibility of transfer among stakeholder groups. There is a lack of variation among different graduate groups which suggests a generic model of skill transfer and intervention strategies for educators and employers may be implemented as bestpractice. Ultimately, graduate employers will enhance their investment return on new recruits; educators are more likely to achieve goals of work readiness; and individuals will benefit from career progression and intangible rewards associated with improved performance.     

Productivity as an indication of quality in higher education: the views of employed graduates in Greece

The paper investigates the views of Greek university graduates on the link between higher education and productivity in order to determine the extent to which productivity can be considered to be an indication of quality in higher education. It also investigates the perceived effect of the type and content of higher education on productivity; factors limiting the positive impact of higher education on productivity; and ways of reducing the influence of these factors. In-depth interviews were conducted with 40 employed university graduates in Greece. Respondents generally considered higher education to have a productivity-enhancing effect, in disagreement with the screening challenge to the human capital interpretation of the link between education and productivity. The findings also suggest that respondents embraced specific conceptualisations of quality in higher education.     

Developing identities in the workplace: students’ experiences of distance early childhood teacher education

In Aotearoa New Zealand, many early childhood teachers gain their teaching qualification via distance study while working in an early childhood centre. Early childhood teachers work in a team environment, and it is important to understand more about how distance students negotiate changes in their workplace practice as their professional knowledge develops. This article draws on a study that explores students’ experiences of distance teacher education as a process of changing participation in the workplace. Distance study supported increasingly confident participation as students saw more meaning in their daily work. The students’ identities and their workplace cultures and practices influenced what students paid attention to and the decisions they made when negotiating changes within their teams. Their experiences suggest that strengthening students’ relational agency at work is a useful focus for distance early childhood teacher education programmes.     

Student Perceptions of the Way that they are Supervised during Work Experience: an instrument and some findings

This paper is intended as a contribution to the debate and evaluation activity which in the UK is following Dearing's recommendation that more work experience should be provided for more higher education students. The paper gives an instrument for researching students’ perceptions of the roles their workplace supervisors play. Two surveys using the instrument and involving a total of 669 students on different courses in the field of teacher education are reported. In the surveys, the responses of many students suggested that they had received ‘good’ (i.e. theoretically desirable) supervision in the workplace but this was not the case for all students. There were for example clear differences across courses and, in addition, the course whose students appeared to have experienced the least desirable kind of supervision subsequently suffered the highest rate of student drop‐out. In contrast, students who had apparently received the ‘best’ kind of workplace supervision tended to be happier with their workplace experience as a whole. In discussing the findings, the paper draws attention to their limitations, pointing out that much more needs to be known about the work experience which is offered to HE students across the disciplines and across the country. The paper suggests that specific as well as general instruments will probably need to be developed for researching this and suggests that, since it is general, the instrument described in the paper might be useful to other HE researchers who wish to evaluate their students’ work experience. The paper concludes by situating the increasing interest in work experience for higher education students in the wider context in which links between ‘work’ and ‘education’ are becoming increasingly blurred.     

Ambivalent journey: Teacher career paths in Oman

This study investigated the career paths of 625 university graduates who prepared to be secondary school teachers in Oman, their assessment of their current work situation, and the extent to which their initial commitment to teaching was related to their subsequent career satisfaction and intention to remain in teaching. While nearly all graduates entered teaching, their decision was marked by ambivalence. Nearly half of the graduates reported being only somewhat or not at all committed to teaching as a career when they graduated. It also appears that initial commitment to teaching operates as an important lens through which teachers view their subsequent careers. Those initially more committed to teaching were more likely to be satisfied with the progress they made in their career, more likely to think that their current teaching position offered them opportunities for advancement, and more likely to want to remain in teaching than were graduates who had a lower initial commitment to teaching. The authors discuss both the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.     

The effect of the learning environment on competences and training for the workplace according to graduates

In this article, we have analysed whether graduates from activating learning environments assess themselves as having more generic and reflective competences than graduates who studied in conventional learning environments. We have also investigated whether graduates from different learning environments look back differently on their training for the workplace. Contrary to earlier research we have used data from a large-scale survey among higher education graduates, the ‘Higher education and Graduate Employment in Europe’ project (CHEERS). The CHEERS-data distinguishes different kind of learning environments and 36 different kind of competencies among more than 1,200 graduates from 12 universities in the Netherlands. Results show that graduates from activating learning environments attribute more generic and reflective competences to themselves than graduates from conventional learning environments. In addition, results indicate that the quality of contents of majors and of curriculum design are significantly related to the presence of generic and reflective competences according to the perception of graduates. Finally, results demonstrate that the competences learning ability, analytic competences, working independently and working in a team positively contribute to the development of competences in the later careers of graduates.     

‘To Be Or Not To Be An Educator?’:The Dilemma Facing the Engineering Teacher

The aim of the research was to examine the output of the Center for Technological Education (CTEH) in relation to its main goal, the training of teachers for the technological education system. To this end, a follow-up study of graduates from 1976 to 1984 was conducted and their occupations analysed and classified. It was found that only 22% were employed as ‘Educators’, 6% as ‘Educators in Industry’ while the rest, 72%, were engaged in various engineering and technological occupations. The distribution by sex of CTEH graduates employed as ‘Educators’ was 17.2% for males and 33.4% for females. Graduates in teaching jobs expressed more satisfaction in their work than those engaged in other occupations. The main reasons given for abandoning teaching were: low salary, lack of significant advancement opportunities, dullness, dissatisfaction and discipline problems. It is recommended that an effort be made to encourage women to become qualified as teachers of technological subjects, and that a way be found for engineering teachers to combine work in industry with leaching in the technological education system. This paper is based on the findings of a follow-up study of graduates of the Center for Technological Education for the years 1976 to 1984.     

校企合作低成本高效率 毕业实习的一种新模式

当前我国正处于市场经济转型的环境中,普通高校办学扩招且经费不足造成的压力,致使各工科专业毕业实习难的问题愈来愈突出。按传统的方式大规模组织毕业实习已不可能,对毕业实习的改革成为当前教学改革的重要环节。对此问题初步实践并加以理论总结,探索一种校企合作的方式,充分利用企业和学校的资源,实现低成本高效率的毕业实习,并期望通过进一步研究,建立一种易操作可持续发展的新模式,为高校工科专业毕业实习难的问题提供一种求解思路。     

Graduate employability: a conceptual framework for understanding employers’ perceptions

This study provides a conceptual framework for understanding what employers think about the value of graduates with similar educational credentials in the workplace (their employability), using insights from the new institutionalism. In this framework, the development of employers’ beliefs about graduates’ employability is broken into a number of factors and mechanisms, including exogenous factors, initial signalling effects and the processes of both private and public learning. With such conceptualisation, this article discusses the implications for international higher education providers on how to improve their graduates’ employment by influencing employers’ beliefs.     

Managing the link between higher education and the labour market: perceptions of graduates in Greece and Cyprus

Abstract

The paper investigates the experience of employed higher education graduates in two countries with high rates of graduate unemployment. It examines the employment experience of graduates and their perceptions regarding the contribution of higher education to their employment and career prospects. Qualitative research was used to collect information from 58 university graduates in two Southern European countries, Greece and Cyprus. Respondents provided information on the skills and competencies acquired through higher education and utilised in the world of work. In both countries, modest links were reported between jobs and graduates’ field of study, as well as between knowledge and non-knowledge-based competencies acquired through higher education, and the requirements of the graduates’ jobs. The findings are used as the basis for suggestions that can enhance graduate employability and contribute to the management of the link between higher education and the labour market.     

独立学院毕业生就业服务体系的构建——以江苏师范大学科文学院为例

独立学院是中国国情下高等教育的特殊产物,它是由普通本科高校按新机制、新模式举办的本科层次的二级学院。随着高等教育大众化的深入推进,大学毕业生的就业问题越来越严峻,而独立学院毕业生的就业更凸显其特殊性。为此,提出从六个方面构建独立学院毕业生就业服务体系：建立服务毕业生就业的理念,落实就业工作＂一把手＂工程;加强服务毕业生就业工作的＂软硬件＂建设;构建全程化就业指导服务体系;创新毕业生就业工作模式,为毕业生就业搭建＂直通车＂;积极拓展就业市场,为毕业生就业提供岗位信息服务;关注弱势群体,为就业困难毕业生提供援助。