Toward Explaining Citizens' Knowledge about a Proposed Reservoir

Abstract

This study assessed 4th, 8th, and 11th grade students' understanding of natural and social science concepts related to pollution. A representative sample of public school students (n = 105) in 11 Maine schools was selected, and students were interviewed on four concept principles considered critical to a full understanding of the pollution problem. The concept of pollution included the much publicized issues of solid and toxic waste as well as air, soil, and water pollution. Research assertions were summarized in generalized correct concept statements indicating the extent of current student knowledge. Common misconceptions were also noted.

This study considered student understanding from a human ecological perspective, that is, as an integrated set or cluster of concepts related to pollution. This reflects a complex, integrated, and multidisciplinary conception of natural phenomena. Human constructivism, meaningful learning theory, and principles related to the relevance of student schema in the design of curriculum and instructional strategies guided this work.

The results of this study have implications for teaching about pollution and the design of science education curriculum materials based upon student knowledge. This information can guide teaching strategies concerning current environmental problems and thus help learners gain an appreciation for the complex and multi-disciplinary nature of science, technology, and society and how they affect the environment.     

Teacher Candidates' Perceptions About Grading and Constructivist Teaching

The Survey of Assessment Beliefs (SAB) was developed to measure teacher candidates' perceptions about grading practices. After piloting, the SAB was administered to 222 teacher candidates at a large northeastern urban university, along with a measure of their beliefs about teaching. Candidates were found to support many grading practices not recommended by professional standards. Support for grading practices that deviate from professional recommendations was positively associated with support for constructivist approaches. Significant differences were found in grading and teaching attitudes between elementary and secondary education teacher candidates. Teacher candidates became more moderate in endorsing nonstandard grading practices following coursework in classroom assessment but on average maintained a tendency to approve academically enabling grading practices. This study provides empirical evidence about possible areas of tension between constructivist learning theory and principles of educational measurement, and it helps classroom assessment teachers understand the needs of their target audiences.     

知识经济与科学劳动创造价值

知识经济的核心是用于创新的科学劳动成为社会劳动的重要形式，知识经济下的劳动价值论应将科学劳动纳入生产劳动范畴。就此问题，本文从科学劳动和知识价值取得的角度，运用劳动价值论进行了分析，得出了“劳动——知识——劳动——知识”的动态链。     

Beliefs About Academic Knowledge

Individuals' beliefs about knowledge (i.e., epistemological beliefs) have become the focus of inquiry in the educational and psychological literatures. Based on an analysis of those literatures, we first propose that epistemological beliefs are multidimensional and multilayered. That is, individuals possess general beliefs about knowledge, as well as beliefs about more specific forms of knowledge (e.g., academic knowledge). Second, we examine the relationship between epistemological beliefs and learning in order to understand why such beliefs are important to educators. Third, we question whether beliefs about academic knowledge are truly general (i.e., unwavering across academic domains) or have a character reflective of the domain to which they are associated (i.e., domain specific). Finally, we explore some of the common problems in the research and suggest topics for future study.     

知识经济与经济人才琐议

知识经济以智力资源为依托,以高新技术为核心。随着经济全球化进程的加快,为迎接知识经济的挑战,需要培养高素质经济人才队伍与之相适应。因此,应当以服务于经济建设为中心,按照市场经济的供求原理和客观规律展开相应的教学活动。     

Clients' Expectations About Counseling and Perceptions of the Working Alliance

Abstract

We examined the relations between clients' expectations about counseling and their ratings of working alliance dimensions. Thirty-seven clients seeking individual counseling at university-based counseling facilities completed the Expectations About Counseling-Brief form (EAC-B) prior to their first counseling session and the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) after their third session. Results of multiple regression analyses revealed that clients' expectations for personal commitment were positively related to their WAI ratings for agreement on tasks and agreement on goals. Expectations for counselor expertise were inversely related to client WAI ratings for agreement on tasks. No significant relations were found for expectations for facilitative conditions or for WAI bond ratings. Implications for counseling and recommendations for future research are discussed.     

对古希腊科学的几点认识

组成古希腊文明的古希腊科学与现代科学存在着源与流的关系,古希腊科学中具有现代科学的萌芽和基本方法;古希腊科学与哲学协同演化,受哲学的引导而繁荣;其独特的自然环境与民主的城邦政治促进了古希腊的科学发展;古希腊科学的衰落是思想自由的丧失所导致的.     

知识经济的几个基本问题

知识经济这一概念的提出是在20世纪60年代，成熟于90年代。它是以知识和信息的生产、分配和应用为基础的经济形态。它表现为经济结构的调整，而非经济制度和社会形态的革命。我们要抓住知识经济兴起的机遇，调整经济发展战略，推动我国经济高效、持续和稳定发展。     

Institutional Research: Knowledge,Skills, and Perceptions of Effectiveness

Terenzini (1993) approached the issue of institutional research effectiveness by articulating three tiers of organizational intelligence necessary for effective institutional researchers. Responses (n = 601) from a nationwide survey of AIR members provided for an empirical investigation based on this concept. The study examined the existence and acquisition of examples of institutional research knowledge and skills and how they relate to perceptions of effectiveness. Participants indicated that they were effective in their functions and reported that they possessed examples of the technical, issues, and (to a lesser extent) contextual knowledge and skills articulated by Terenzini. Multiple regression revealed the relationships between background characteristics, knowledge and skills in institutional research, and perceptions of effectiveness to be minimal, however. The authors conclude that an institutional researcher's effectiveness can perhaps only be adequately evaluated relative to institutional culture and expectations and leaders' personalities and orientation toward decision making.     

大学知识管理中的知识共享

随着知识时代的逼近，大学管理中知识管理的内容日益重要，知识共享则是大学知识管理的目标，那么在大学知识管理中知识共享的地位如何，为什么知识共享不能自动实现，该通过何种途径实现？本文尝试对上述问题进行了探讨。     

传统高校教师眼中的网络教育:机遇与挑战

本研究旨在了解当前传统高校教师眼中网络教育的机遇与挑战问题。结果表明,传统高校教师对网络教育可能带来的一些机遇表示了积极认同的态度,对所列举的三十项影响网络教育发展的挑战因素,教师们的认同程度有轻有重。基于结果,本研究提出今后中国网络教育建设过程中战略认识、激励与培训以及系统研究的重要性。     

试论教师教育中的知识取向

教师教育与知识之间存在着密切的内在关联，不同的知识取向制约和影响着教师教育的发展。学科性知识、专业性知识的价值取向已直接促进了教师教育的历史发展。当今实践性知识的凸显，为教师教育带来了新的变革．建构科学的培养目标和培养模式是未来教师教育发展的方向。     

Perceptions of Parents of Handicapped Children About School and Parent‐Teacher Partnership

This study examined the perceptions of parents of exceptional students concerning their child's problems and the educational services provided; the nature and extent of their involvement in school; levels of satisfaction; needs and recommendations. Three hundred and twenty‐five parents of five categories of exceptional students responded to a 30‐item questionnaire; findings revealed that while parents tended to have an accurate perception of both their child's problems and the services provided, they perceived themselves as having low levels of involvement in school, including IEP meetings. Nevertheless, the majority were very satisfied with the child's education. Information and training needs were identified, together with parent recommendations. Some significant differences by type of exceptionality were found. The article concludes with discussion of training needs for both parents and educators.     

Beliefs About Knowledge,Knowing, and Learning: Differences Across Knowledge Types in Physics

The authors examined whether students’ epistemic and learning beliefs varied across different knowledge types in physics. On the basis of various beliefs frameworks, the authors predicted that individuals’ beliefs would vary within a domain across the same content when presented conceptually versus procedurally. Participants were 81 high school students enrolled in an advanced physics course. Students completed a conceptually oriented test and a procedurally oriented test on the same content 1 week apart, and they immediately responded to the Epistemological Beliefs Assessment for Physical Science questionnaire after completion of each test. Results revealed that girls espoused more constructivist beliefs about physics for conceptual knowledge than for procedural knowledge, whereas the opposite was found for boys. Moreover, female students espoused more constructivist beliefs than did male students across both types. These results have important theoretical and methodological implications.     

基于知识管理的图书馆期刊工作

随着知识经济时代到来,知识管理已成为各个行业适应新经济形势要求的新型管理模式。在高校图书馆工作中,探索知识管理在期刊工作中的影响,研究期刊知识管理的策略,对高校图书馆建设有着积极而重要的意义。     

数学知识在化学解题中的应用

分别从代数和几何两个角度给出了数学知识在化学解题中的应用,使纯粹的数学概念和理论融会到实际的化学计算中,以致数理合一,收到事半功倍之功效。     

基于知识管理的图书馆期刊工作

随着知识经济时代到来,知识管理已成为各个行业适应新经济形势要求的新型管理模式.在高校图书馆工作中,探索知识管理在期刊工作中的影响,研究期刊知识管理的策略,对高校图书馆建设有着积极而重要的意义.     

也谈邓小平有关尊重知识和人才的论述

“尊重知识，尊重人才”是邓小平人才思想的核心，是制定我国人才政策的基点。在当今社会主义现代化建设中更应提倡“尊重知识。尊重人才”。优化人才环境，提高人才地位。营造良好的用人机制，把我国由人力资源优势转化为人才资源优势。