Learning Through Apprenticeship: Belonging to a Workplace, Becoming and Being

The transition from school to work, in the form of a trade-based apprenticeship, is one with a long history. Recent socio-historical changes include increased use of technology, the changing nature of work and shifting patters in the employment market are influencing both the apprenticeship journey and its destination. In this article, the contemporary apprenticeship experience is described and explored using the metaphoric phases consisting of belonging to a workplace, becoming a baker and eventually being a baker. These phases are derived from a longitudinal case study of 13 baking apprentices as they entered bakery work mainly by happenstance and began to belong to the workplace; became bakers through various processes of skill acquisition, knowledge consolidation, dispositional transformation and occupational identity formation; and continued to be bakers, with many attaining a strong sense of vocation and identification with bakers’ occupation. An updated understanding of apprenticeship may inform the development of entry pathways into apprenticeship; improve workplace learning opportunities; and widen the means for recognition and certification of skill/knowledge attainment and dispositional transformation.     

研究性学习：学习方式的变革

教育部颁布的《全日制普通高级中学课程计划（试验修订稿）》，将“研究性学习”作为“综合实践活动”四项内容之首定为必修课，且占有比较多的课时。“研究性学习”的开设是我国基础教育改革，特别是课程改革深入发展的必然产物。它为以培养创新精神和实践能力为重点的素质教育提供了新思路和生长点；势必引发学生学习方式的深刻变革，为学生个性和创造力的充分发展开辟新天地和新途径。本文拟从现代教学论的视野，对研究性学习的一些主要问题试作探讨。一、研究性学习的基本涵义研究性学习是当今世界性基础教育改革和发展的一个共同关注的…     

Student Role Play in the World Forum: Analyses of an Arctic Adventure Learning Apprenticeship*

This study analyzes new forms of student social interaction and dialogue within asynchronous communications of six middle schools and six high schools participating in the World School for Adventure Learning. In the World Forum component of the World School, students discussed, questioned, and debated with Arctic explorers, researchers, World Forum mentors, and peers about environmental issues while assuming identities of famous people. One of the three key tasks, Flash Points, generated more lengthy dialogue than other techniques (i.e., Arctic Alerts and Questions to Explorers). Analysis of the forms of learning assistance provided to students indicated that mentor electronic interactions with students typically involved feedback, questioning, and cognitive structuring of the lesson or activity; however, minimal task structuring, direct instruction, and modeling of how to interact occurred. Whereas most student questions to explorers about envir onmental issues or expedition activities were lower-level knowledge and comprehension queries, many also were at the evaluation level. Despite the restricted assistance and limited student questioning, student role-taking activities within their environmental discussions enhanced the degree of perspective-taking exhibited in their conversations. Examining these interaction patterns, forms of mentor assistance, levels of questioning, and degrees of perspective-taking provides new insights into the impact of electronic communication on student learning when role playing, though many questions remain.     

Developing Motivation and Cognitive Learning Strategies Through an Undergraduate Learning Community

This study describes the effects on student motivation and cognitive learning strategies of an approach involving an undergraduate learner-centered community of learners approach to instruction. Six learning communities were created using the following objectives: integrated courses, active and collaborative learning, and opportunities for learning through information technology and library resources. Instructors attended ten workshops designed to assist them in developing the learning communities according to the objectives of the program. Results indicate significant changes in motivation and cognitive strategy use by the end of participation in the learning community. Within the motivation subscales, students in the learning communities reported significantly higher levels of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, more internal control of their learning, and self-efficacy, along with significantly lower levels of test anxiety and task value. Within the learning strategies subscales, students reported increases in their use of rehearsal strategies, organization strategies, critical thinking, time management, and the use of peer learning and help-seeking behaviors.     

Job Crafting and Identity in Low-Grade Work: How Hospital Porters Redefine the Value of their Work and Expertise

Over 25 years ago, Brown and Duguid (Organisation Science, 2(1), 40–57, 1991) highlighted the differences between the way organisations formally describe and delineate jobs and the actual practices of their employees. This paper combines ideas from their seminal contribution with theories of ‘job crafting’ and identity to examine the agentic behaviour of employees in low-grade, ‘dirty work’ as they utilise their expertise and practices to (re)frame their occupational identities and challenge their prescribed job boundaries. The evidence for the paper comes from a qualitative study of hospital porters in the UK’s National Health Service. It argues that this combined theoretical approach provides a potential research and employment framework to challenge the abstracted and stereotypical conceptions of the expertise related to low-grade jobs.     

网络学习认同感结构初探

远程学习者对网络学习的认同感是影响网络远程学习顺利开展的重要因素.本研究首先对网络学习认同感的概念进行界定,在这一基础上提出了网络学习认同感的结构构想.通过编制网络学习认同感量表.使用探索性因素分析的方法对这一结构构想进行验证.因素分析表明,网络学习认同感的结构包括情感、行为和认知三个因子,与网络学习认同感的结构构想基本一致.     

“师徒制”教师学习:困境与出路

尽管师徒制是促进新教师学习与成长的重要方式,但我国现行师徒制尚存在若干需要克服的困境,包括:师傅的脚手架功能难以充分发挥、教师共同体的促进作用受到限制、新教师进行创造的机会减少和师傅促进新教师发展的动力不足等。这些问题反映为人们在理解师徒制教师学习时存在异化、窄化和僵化等认识上的偏差。要改造现行师徒制可以考虑多种途径,如积极试行师徒同台上课、灵活实施多层议课和多方引入发展资源等。     

教而学存在的弊端与解决的方法(英文)

在语言教学中,通过教而学是公认的事实.然而,这还远远不够,仅仅通过教来学习并不能充分活化知识.因此,英语语言教学应注重培养学生语言知识的运用能力.本文通过对非英语专业学生和大学英语教师进行问卷调查的形式找出教而学存在的弊端,并提出相应的解决方法.     

借鉴英国的现代学徒制度培养高技能人才

从英国实地考察得知：学徒制度是英国古老的职业教育制度,这一制度几经延续、继承,发展到今天,从形式到内容都演变成了现代学徒制度。这主要表现在其内涵的深化与外延的拓展,政府宏观调控意识的日益强化,立体化、网络化协调机制的逐渐完善及灵活的实施过程等方面。它对我国高职教育人才培养模式的借鉴意义是：准确定位培养目标,紧紧依靠行业组织和行业协会办学,打通“校企互动”的人才培养途径,搭建工具学科、专业基础理论和专业技能三级教学平台,造就“理论型”、“技能型”和“双师型”三支各具特色、协调发展的教师队伍,建立一流的实训工厂,为全面建设小康社会培养现代制造业和服务业急需的高技能型人才。     

基于同一性理论的大学生职业认同发展研究

基于詹姆斯·玛西亚的同一性理论,可以将大学生职业认同状态划分为职业认同弥散、职业认同早闭、职业认同延缓与职业认同达成四种.大学生职业认同发展就是大学生向职业认同达成状态转化,度过职业认同危机,确定并努力实现职业目标的过程,具有结构的层次多样性、机制的主观能动性、过程的动态发展性、动力的多元复杂性.高水平的职业认同对提升大学生专业发展水平、毕业生就业质量与创新创业教育质量具有重要意义.     

失地农民职业流动的约束及突破

失地农民在我国城市化进程中做出了巨大的牺牲,但其自身却面临着严峻的再就业压力。而目前我国的征地制度与就业政策,以及失地农民自身所拥有的社会资本和人力资本,又制约着其向非农领域的职业流动。因此,国家应尽快完善土地征用和社会保障制度,积极搭建失地农民职业流动的社会网络平台,广泛开展多种形式的职业培训,以切实提高失地农民的再就业能力,并使其最终真正实现向市民的转变。     

Learning Through Case Comparisons: A Meta-Analytic Review

Over the past 20 years, there has been much research on how people learn from case comparisons. This work has implemented comparison activities in a variety of different ways across a wide range of laboratory and classroom contexts. In an effort to assess the overall effectiveness of case comparisons across this diversity of implementation and contexts and to explore what variables might moderate learning outcomes, we conducted a meta-analysis of 57 experiments with 336 tests. Random effects analyses of the 336 tests revealed that case comparison activities commonly led to greater learning outcomes than other forms of case study including sequential, single case, and nonanalogous, as well as traditional instruction and control (d = .50), 95% CI [.44, .56]. Of 15 potential moderators, four variables were found to reliably moderate the effectiveness of case comparisons: the objective of the comparison, the presentation of a principle, the content, and the lag between the comparison and testing. Asking learners to find similarities between cases, providing principles after the comparisons, using perceptual content, and testing learners immediately are all associated with greater learning. We conclude with a discussion of the theoretical and practical implications of these results for cognitive theory and classroom practice.     

实行语言学习策略培训 促进学习自主性

语言学习策略在大学英语教学中有着重要作用,对语言学习策略知识贫乏的大学生进行学习策略培训有助于提高学习效率,促进学习自主性,在大学英语教学中,了解和掌握学生的语言习得过程,发现其学习特点,并根据实际情况,进行切实有效的学习策略教学和培训,是当前大学英语教学中的重要课题。     

Professional Learning Through Everyday Work: How Finance Professionals Self-Regulate Their Learning

Professional learning is a critical component of ongoing improvement and innovation and the adoption of new practices in the workplace. Professional learning is often achieved through learning embedded in everyday work tasks. However, little is known about how professionals self-regulate their learning through regular work activities. This paper explores how professionals in the finance sector (n-30) self-regulate their learning through day-to-day work. Analysis focuses on three sub-processes of self-regulated learning that have been identified as significant predictors of good self-regulated learning at work. A key characteristic of good self-regulation is viewing learning as a form of long-term, personalised self-improvement. This studyprovides a foundation for future policy and planning in organisations aiming to encourage self-regulated learning.     

National Identity in EFL Learning: A Longitudinal Inquiry

This article draws on a longitudinal study of four Chinese students’ English learning experiences during their college years and explores the ways in which EFL learning has influenced their sense of national identity. The study captures the changes they have experienced in constructing identities over a prolonged period in the context of mainland China where strong sense of national identity has been historically promoted and where there is currently unprecedentedly close interaction between local cultures and western cultures. Drawing on interviews and diary studies as the primary data source, this study identifies a three‐stage development in the national identities of the college students that proceeds from initial admiration of English‐speaking cultures, to antagonism towards alien things, before then reaching a stage of conciliation between the national and the global. The findings suggest that China’s deeply‐rooted culture of collectivism and altruism plays a role in shaping English learners’ national identity and that the learners also demonstrate considerable agency in constructing national identities at different stages of English learning.     

Learning Information Engineering Subjects Through the Internet

In the first semester of 1997, once again, we taught our introductory Database Management (CS230) course to around 350 students on our two main campuses. On this occasion, we used the e-mail, NewsGroups, Telnet and the World Wide Web capabilities extensively to support access to teaching and learning materials, for promulgation and submission of assignments and for staff-staff-student-student communication. In this context, students encountered challenging difficulties arising out of what might be described as ‘problems with socio-technical systems’. This paper describes the several elements of the teaching programme the curriculum elements, the teaching staff and the technology intended to support each of these. With most of these elements, we encountered a number of ‘small’ problems. Taken in conjunction, these several difficulties presented students with considerable impediments to successful learning in this subject. The paper concludes with observations concerning conditions which must be in place for Internet-augmented teaching and learning to be successful and enjoyable and reports some performance data which indicate a positive—although not strong—benefit from the use of the WebTests upon the final examination results. We include a ‘pre-fiight checklist’ for each element in the programme and each linkage between them. The prediction is that the need for checklists of this kind will increase as we increase the number and remoteness of links in the teaching chain, the number and experience of sources of communication contained in those links and increasingly challenge the technical reliability of the linkages, and as each of those multi-faceted links is subject to rapid evolution.