Forecasting the Norwegian labour market for graduates holding higher degrees

This article investigates the phenomenon of long‐term unemployed graduates of Norwegian higher education institutions over the period 1973–1999. The phenomenon was unexpected. One explanation for it is that the market for graduates was and remains in disequilibrium because wages are not sufficiently flexible downward. Thus unemployment would be involuntary. The other explanation is that unemployment is voluntary because the elasticity of the graduate labour supply is pushing wages down, and graduates are not accepting employment for which wages appear to be unacceptably low. They are waiting for better opportunities to appear. The author has undertaken a simulation by which he has proved, to his satisfaction, that the first explanation is the correct one and that only a slight improvement in the employment prospects of university graduates can be expected in the near future.     

The labour market benefits of adult education from a global perspective

International Review of Education - This article presents recent evidence of the labour market outcomes of adult education from a global perspective. There is evidence that adult education has...     

青年高教毕业生的学历层次及劳务市场就业情况

<正>在受过高等教育的25-34岁青年中,硕士及以上学历或同等学力的人群比例从最低4%(智利)到最高79%(斯洛伐克)不等。高等教育学历层次在不同年龄段间也有差异:25-34岁的高等教育毕业生中有49%的人最高学历为本科或同等学力,而在55-64岁的高等教育毕业生中,这一比例下降到39%。就业前景通常会随高等教育学历层次的提升而改善:在25-34岁的高等教育毕业生中,博士     

Competencies for young European higher education graduates: labor market mismatches and their payoffs

Labor market rewards based on competencies are analyzed using a sample of young European higher education (HE) graduates. Estimates of monetary rewards are obtained from conventional earnings regressions, while estimates total rewards are based on job satisfaction and derived through ordered probit regressions. Results for income show that jobs with higher participative and methodological competency requirements are better paid. The results also show that higher requirements in terms of competencies increase graduates’ job satisfaction.     

民营银行的市场生存空间及进入选择

伴随着民营经济的发展和金融体制的深化改革,目前发展民营银行的呼声日益高涨,并成为我国金融领域的热点问题之一。本文探讨了发展民营银行的必要性、可能性、制约因素及民营银行市场进入选择,以期促进民营银行的发展。建立与市场经济运行相适应的金融体系,提高金融体系在资源配置中的效率。     

Student expectations and labour market performance: The case of the Philippines

This article uses individual data on 10,000 higher education students and 5,000 graduates in the Philippines in 1977 to assess theex ante student perceptions of the labour market against actual labour market outcomes. A comparison of mean expected and actual earnings by various sample characteristics reveals a high degree of realism from the students' viewpoint. Individual self-assessed foregone earnings are used to estimate theex ante returns to higher education and to investment in particular fields of specialization. The expected returns are close to the actual returns. Expected and actual waiting time to first job are of a short duration and a sharply declining function of age. Family background and college performance strongly influence the expected and actual labour market outcomes. The policy implications of the results are briefly discussed.     

The market oriented university and the changing role of knowledge

The development of corporate-university linkages occurs within the orbit of two major influences, the information society and the globalization of capital. The presence of the information society builds great pressure towards the production and transfer of knowledge. The economic contraction of recent years is juxtaposed against the globalization of capital which demands that productive enterprises compete on a world wide scale. Universities are not exempt from this dynamic as they too are propelled toward a market orientation. This process leads to a series of conflicts within our universities which define the parameters of the transformation.The first part of this paper discusses these areas of development and conflict within the market university: 1) autonomy and collegiality, 2) the market and the university, 3) ideology, 4) globalization and privatization, 5) pluralism. The second part focuses on the role of knowledge within market university and the change from social knowledge to market knowledge. The focus here includes: 1) the social context of knowledge, 2) science, research of knowledge, 3) knowledge as property, 4) the transfer of knowledge. It is in this context that a new public policy for universities must be charted.     

学历层次与劳务市场就业情况的国家内部差异

<正>学历层次的差异不仅存在于国家之间,也存在于国家内部。在许多国家,受过高等教育的人——通常是技能水平最高的人才——大多聚集在首都地区。在许多国家,与接受过高中及以上教育的成年人相比,未受过高中教育的成年人的就业率的地区差异更为明显。在许多国家,一些地区既没有工作、也没有继续接受教育或培训的年轻人(neither in employment nor in education or training,缩写为NEET)所达到的比例是其他地区的两倍。     

Entry into labour: The experience of young adults in Brazil

This study focuses on the experience of young adults employed in the tertiary sector in Brasília. The results show that young people are prepared for work by on-the-job training and nonformal education; schooling is mainly an indicator of trainability. Entry into the labour force reinforces social differences in family background and schooling. The results tend to support the moderate version of classical theory with regard to the nature of school/work relationships. In the context of the conflict paradigm, the data run contrary to both reproductionism and the radical critique of this view. From the comparative standpoint youth is an underprivileged group in the labour market, regardless of sex, socioeconomic status and country of residence. Despite these variations, societies are stratified by age groups.

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Zusammenfassung Diese Studie konzentriert sich auf die Erfahrungen junger, im Dienstleistungsbereich beschäftigter Erwachsener in Brasilia. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß junge Leute durch praktische Ausbildung im Betrieb und nichtformelle Erziehung auf ihre Arbeit vorbereitet werden; der Schulunterricht gibt hauptsächlich Hinweise auf die Lernfähigkeit. Der Eintritt in die Arbeitswelt verstärkt die im familiären Bereich und hinsichtlich der Schulbildung bestehenden sozialen Unterschiede. Die Ergebnisse tendieren dazu, die gemäßigte Version der klassischen Theorie im Hinblick auf die Art der Beziehungen zwischen Schule und Arbeit zu unterstützen. Im Zusammenhang mit dem Konfliktparadigma, stehen die Daten sowohl einer Spiegelung als auch einer radikalen Kritik an dieser Auffassung entgegen. Vom vergleichenden Standpunkt aus ist die Jugend eine unterpriviligierte Gruppe auf dem Arbeitsmarkt ungeachtet des Geschlechts, des sozialökonomischen Status' und Aufenthaltslandes. Abgesehen von diesen Variationen sind die Gesellschaften nach Altersgruppen geschichtet.

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Résumé Cette étude se focalise sur les expériences faites par de jeunes adultes à Brasília dans le secteur tertiaire. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la formation en cours d'emploi et l'éducation non formelle préparent les jeunes au travail, que la scolarité est essentiellement un indicateur d'éducabilité. L'entrée dans la vie active renforce les différences sociales basées sur le milieu familial et la scolarité. Les résultats tendent à appuyer la version modérée de la théorie classique concernant la nature du rapport école/travail. Dans le contexte du paradigme conflictuel, les données vont à l'encontre du reproductionnisme et de la critique radicale de cette vue. Du point de vue comparatif, les jeunes forment un groupe défavorisé sur le marché de l'emploi, indifféremment de leur sexe, de leur statut socio-économique et de leur leiu de résidence. Malgré ces variations, les sociétés sont divisées en groupes d'âge.

     

Transit economy market challenge and university respond

In an ever-changing labour market, university tries to make efforts to estimate the free labour market demands for university graduates. The strength of Engineering Education lies in the range and depth of fundamental knowledge the students acquire during their studies, but the abilities like: taking risk, taking initiative, teamwork, communication and conflict management, are not taught. Universities provide organisational means searching new methods of collaboration with partners in economy. More wide collaboration may provide, with a very important feedback information, help to respond to the demands of employers and change or development of study programmes, as well as teaching and learning strategies. National and multinational enterprises and companies are invited to organise information days, exhibitions at University and thus attract the most talented graduates to these institutions. In such meetings university staff and students together have a direct feedback information. Employers' requirements to possess not only fundamental knowledge but multicultural qualifications, competencies in social, economical and ecological questions are more convincing, than bare university discussions. Continuous feedback questionnaires are distributed among the Bachelor's and Master's degree final year students, graduates after one year placement and employers, and the survey is made. 'Hot-line' system with employers' organizations, regional, national and virtual labour exchanges is implemented. Results of feedback are regularly discussed in the committees of different level, and measures for developing teaching and learning quality are approved.     

The labour market integration of migrants and refugees: career guidance and the newly arrived

International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance - This scoping paper sets out to consider various aspects of the phenomenon of people on the move, and to examine some of the ways in...     

The labour market effects of Alma Mater: Evidence from Italy

We use data from a nationally representative survey of Italian graduates to study whether Alma Mater matters for employment and earnings 3 years after graduation. We find that the attended college matters, and that there are important college-related differences, both among and within regions of the country. These differences, however, do not persist over time and are not large enough to trigger substantial mobility flows from poorly performing to better performing institutions. We also find evidence that going to a private university pays off at least in the early part of a career. Only part of this gain can be explained by the fact that private universities have lower pupil–teacher ratios than public institutions.     

推行定单教育活跃就业市场

职业技术人才培养必须理顺“产供销”关系,“定单教育”有利于“产供销”供求链的完善和发展。企业品牌效益的树立,表现对市场份额的占有。人才培养中的市场份额,则可以“定单”形式表现,所以“定单”是市场对学校人才质量认可的一种标尺,它既有量的体现,也有质的反映(学校品牌信誉度和市场影响力)。     

技能人才培训的市场效益分析

技工培训的人力资本投资主体有个人、企业和政府,由于专业化技能具有很大的外部性,以及社会职业给技工带来的负心理收益,个人缺乏对学习技能进行投资的积极性;企业之间在技工培训投资方面的博弈,使企业无法保证培训投资的收益。这样在技工培训投资方面,存在严重的市场失灵。因此,解决技工短缺问题必须由政府投资,并进行一系列的制度创新,保证个人和企业技工培训投资的人力资本收益。     

The reward-support framework and faculty commitment to their university

The present study examined faculty commitment to their university across hard and soft sciences and across pure and applied fields. Within each field, faculty commitment was separately examined for each career stage and for each level of research productivity. Furthermore, this study assessed (separately for each field) the relative powers of rewards and support variables, derived from the exchange framework, in explaining faculty commitment. A stratified random sample of 40 U.S. research university departments, 10 each in physics, sociology, electrical engineering, and education, was surveyed by means of a questionnaire. The major findings of the study suggest that the reward-support framework plays a meaningful role, although distinctly different for hard and soft sciences, in determining faculty commitment to their university in each of the four fields. The relative power of rewards in explaining faculty commitment is stronger in hard sciences and weaker in soft sciences whereas a reversed pattern is found for support indicators. In addition, faculty commitment to their university varies across fields, career stages, and levels of research productivity (only for hard sciences).