组织间信任、社会互动、知识获取对组织创新绩效的影响研究——以浙江企业为例

依赖组织间的合作提高创新绩效,不能忽略信任的重要作用.东方文化背景下组织间的信任关系比较复杂.以社会互动为中介,通过实证数据探讨组织间信任通过社会互动和知识获取对企业创新绩效产生影响的作用机制.研究以浙江省高新制造企业为样本,采用结构方程方法,得到的主要结论有:组织间信任通过社会互动才能对知识获取产生影响;组织间不同的信任类型对创新绩效的影响不同,关系型信任较计算型信任对互动强度和质量更具影响性.     

合作创新中互动一定有助于促进合作吗

摘要：学术界对KIBS企业-组织顾客互动对组织间关系的负面影响研究相对较少。整合资源基础观、交易成本理论和组织间关系理论,基于184家KIBS企业合作创新项目的调研数据,从企业-组织顾客互动创新视角嵌入,探讨了互动创新中的资源共享、任务协作对组织间长期合作意愿、交易冲突行为的影响,并分析了契约治理、关系治理对两者间关系的调节作用。结论表明：（1）资源共享、任务协作均可以促进双方的长期合作意愿。（2）资源共享、任务协作在双方合作后期会诱发交易冲突行为。（3）契约治理在企业-组织顾客互动对组织间关系的影响中均起到负向的调节作用,但这种作用效果在资源共享和任务协作间没有显著性差异。（4）关系治理在资源共享、任务协作对长期合作意愿的影响中均起到负向调节作用,但在其对交易冲突行为的影响中均没有调节作用。     

不确定环境下组织间信任与合作创新绩效研究

管理者如何在不确定环境下管理好组织间信任模式,继而提升企业合作创新绩效成为企业面临的现实问题。本文基于战略决策视角分析不确定环境下组织间信任对合作创新绩效的影响机制。研究结果显示,组织间计算信任与关系信任对企业间合作创新绩效的影响具有差异性,具体表现为组织间计算信任能显著提升企业间合作创新绩效,组织间关系信任与企业间合作创新绩效间呈倒U型非线性关系,且关系信任的合作创新激励效应强于计算信任。进一步,市场不确定正向调节关系信任与合作创新关系,负向调节计算信任与合作创新关系。行为不确定负向调节关系信任与合作创新关系,正向调节计算信任与合作创新关系。本文丰富了供应链网络下组织间信任与企业创新发展相关理论研究,为企业在不确定环境下管理合作信任模式提供借鉴与指导。     

创业网络中的信任演化研究

创业网络中成员的信任是整个网络运转的基础,成员间的信任降低了网络合作成本,提高了网络交易效率,在创业网络的治理中发挥着重要作用.创业网络中的信任是一个综合创业者个人信任和创业企业组织信任的动态演化过程.结合网络关系理论与不同层面信任特点,分析了创业网络的信任演化,同时为管理创业网络中的信任演化提出了建议,本文的研究为创业网络中的信任治理奠定了基础.     

关系公平性、企业间信任与合作绩效——基于中国企业的实证研究

将关系公平性概念引入到企业间合作关系的研究中,通过设计量表收集一手数据,使用结构方程模型实证检验了关系公平性影响企业间合作绩效的路径.实证结果表明,分配公平性与程序公平性因子可以通过促进企业间诚实信任和才能信任水平的提高,间接提升企业间合作绩效;互动公平性因子可以提升企业间仁善信任水平,但对合作绩效没有实质性的影响.     

授权型领导视角下个性化交易形成及对员工创新行为的影响

近年来个性化交易成为学界关注的前沿问题。个性化交易涉及员工与领导间的互动,但现有研究缺乏从领导特征的角度思考个性化交易的形成与影响。基于此,研究从授权型领导的视角出发,揭示了个性化交易形成以及对员工创新行为的影响。实证分析的结果表明:(1)授权型领导正向影响个性化交易;(2)心理安全感在授权型领导与个性化交易间起到部分中介作用;(3)个性化交易正向影响员工创新行为,且在授权型领导与员工创新行为间起到部分中介作用;(4)授权型领导通过提升心理安全感可增加个性化交易,最终正向影响员工创新行为。     

供应链企业间信任、关系承诺与合作绩效——基于知识交易视角的实证研究

 以供应链企业间知识交易为视角,构建了信任、关系承诺、知识交易与合作绩效之间关系的理论模型。利用结构方程模型结合256家供应链上下游企业的调查数据对上述理论模型进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,供应链企业间信任对关系承诺、知识交易与合作绩效有显著的正向影响;关系承诺对合作绩效有显著的正向影响,但其对知识交易的影响并不显著;知识交易对合作绩效有显著的正向影响。研究结果告诉企业管理者,不仅要重视供应链企业间高水平信任与关系承诺的建立,而且要通过加强知识交易以促进供应链企业间的知识共享与转移,从而实现供应链合作绩效的提高。     

电子商务模式下消费者信任影响因素研究综述

伴随着我国电子商务的发展,网络交易信任成为商务类应用发展的主要障碍.通过对国内外电子商务消费者信任有关研究成果进行梳理,影响消费者网上购物的因素可归纳为:正式制度、非正式制度、微观卖方和微观买方四个方面.同时对研究进行展望,提出未来研究方向,希望对国内电子商务信任提供借鉴.     

合作创新中组织顾客破坏性行为对组织间合作的影响机制研究

以KIBS企业与组织顾客合作创新项目为对象,从组织顾客的破坏性视角嵌入,通过问卷调查深入剖析投机性行为与不公平行为两种组织顾客破坏性行为对组织间合作的影响并揭示其具体的作用机制。结果表明：投机性行为、不公平行为对组织间合作均具有明显的负向作用;组织信任对组织间合作具有明显的促进作用,而组织冲突则具有明显的抑制作用;投机性行为通过降低组织信任、激化组织冲突的部分中介作用进而负向作用于组织间合作;不公平行为通过降低组织信任、激化组织冲突的完全中介作用进而负向作用于组织间合作。     

合作创新伙伴信任关系的构建

合作创新是相互独立的技术供需方分担创新责任,分摊创新风险,共享创新收益的合作过程.合作创新有助于缓解组织内的资源约束,有助于促进组织间的知识转移,有助于增强国家的创新实力.实践中,合作创新的失败率一直高居不下,合作创新伙伴间缺乏信任就是其内在缘由之一.以信任作为切入口,探讨合作创新中信任的作用、演变历程、影响因素和培育途径.     

Investigating the factors that diminish the barriers to university-industry collaboration

Although the literature on university-industry links has begun to uncover the reasons for, and types of, collaboration between universities and businesses, it offers relatively little explanation of ways to reduce the barriers in these collaborations. This paper seeks to unpack the nature of the obstacles to collaborations between universities and industry, exploring influence of different mechanisms in lowering barriers related to the orientation of universities and to the transactions involved in working with university partners. Drawing on a large-scale survey and public records, this paper explores the effects of collaboration experience, breadth of interaction, and inter-organizational trust on lowering different types of barriers. The analysis shows that prior experience of collaborative research lowers orientation-related barriers and that greater levels of trust reduce both types of barriers studied. It also indicates that breadth of interaction diminishes the orientation-related, but increases transaction-related barriers. The paper explores the implications of these findings for policies aimed at facilitating university-industry collaboration.     

企业的知识披露策略对产学研合作的影响研究

在产学合作过程中,合作双方目标属性的不同使得知识披露策略的选择上有所差异,追求独占的企业和追求开放的高校如何寻求一个平衡是本文的关注点。本文采用负二项分布模型和泊松分布模型研究企业的四种不同知识披露策略对产学研合作的影响。以专利策略为参照组,研究发现论文策略和专利-论文组合策略更能促进产学研合作的广度和深度的提升,而专利策略比保密策略则更能促进产学研合作深度的提升。同时还发现,在同一类型的知识披露策略下,研发强度越大的企业,产学研合作的广度越大,但产学研合作的深度越小,而处于同一研发强度水平的企业,选择趋于开放的知识披露策略比选择趋于独占的知识披露策略更有助于提升产学研合作的广度和深度。因此,本文对于企业在产学研合作过程中权衡独占和开放的关系有一定的理论和实践指导意义。     

A temporal perspective on repeated ties across university-industry R&D consortia

Divergent time norms between participating organizations constitute a central barrier to cross-sectoral collaborations. We unpack this tension by studying two distinct time-utilization strategies of university and industry in 1845 R&D consortia. The paper shows that collaborating organizations that are subject to divergent time norms can shift the time focus in their favor through the strategic timing of repeated ties. If university-industry consortia are repeated, this repetition tends to take place either at the beginning of the consortium (parallel timing) or at the end (sequential timing) but typically not in the middle. Industry partners seek to “compress time” by working on different consortia in parallel and therefore want to repeat a collaboration early, whereas universities seek to “extend time” through sequential timing of consortia, i.e., repeat a collaboration at the end or after a consortium has ended. We provide a qualitative substantiation of the identified time-utilization strategies and show that both options coexist in multipartner consortia.     

Factors associated with disciplinary and interdisciplinary research collaboration

There is a lack of understanding regarding the optimal conditions for interdisciplinary research. This study investigates what characteristics of researchers are associated with disciplinary and interdisciplinary research collaborations and what collaborations are most rewarding in different scientific disciplines. Our results confirm that female scientists are more engaged in interdisciplinary research collaborations. Further, a scientist's years of research experience are positively related with both types of collaboration. Work experience in firms or governmental organizations increases the propensity of interdisciplinary collaborations, but decreases that of disciplinary collaborations. Disciplinary collaborations occur more frequent in basic disciplines; interdisciplinary collaborations more in strategic disciplines. We also found that in both types of disciplines, disciplinary collaborations contribute more to career development than interdisciplinary collaborations. We conclude with three recommendations for science and innovation policy, while emphasising the need to distinguish between different scientific disciplines.     

The interplay of cognitive and relational social capital dimensions in university-industry collaboration: Overcoming the experience barrier

The use of university-industry collaboration in the innovation process is viewed as a major driver of firm competitiveness. The organizational dynamics underlying successful external relationships, however, remain poorly understood. Using longitudinal case studies of 15 innovation projects, we examine how firms with varying degrees of experience in collaborating with universities and public research organizations rely on different social capital dimensions to achieve successful collaborations. We find that experienced firms establish external collaborations on the basis of cognitive social capital, but this basis is reinforced by relational social capital over time. Conversely, less experienced firms initially base their university collaborations on relational social capital, which is reinforced by cognitive social capital over time. Based on these findings, we theorize on the interplay of different dimensions of social capital in university-industry collaborations over time. Our study has important implications for the management of collaborative innovation projects. In particular, it provides guidance to enable less experienced firms to develop successful collaborations with university partners.     

Abandoning innovation activities and performance: The moderating role of openness

Firms are encouraged to continually initiate innovation activities as part of their new product development processes and to be open to the use of external knowledge sources. Yet, many are abandoned. Openness to external knowledge sources and the experience of abandoning innovation activities are, therefore, becoming a part of an organization’s reality and innovation strategy. In this paper, we aim to explore how the experience of having abandoned an innovation activity can affect innovation performance and the role two key dimensions of openness, external search breadth and formal innovation collaboration breadth, play. Using data from the UK Innovation Survey, we find that the experience of having abandoned an innovation activity leads to improved innovation performance and that this is negatively moderated by the two dimensions of openness. When external search breadth is high, i.e. when an organization engages with a higher number of different types of knowledge sources, the link between abandoning innovation activities and innovation performance weakens. Similarly, when formal innovation collaboration breadth is high, i.e. the breadth of a firm’s formal collaboration relationships is high, the link between abandoning innovation activities and innovation performance also weakens. We conclude by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of our findings.     

基于PLS法的转换障碍对顾客忠诚直接作用的探索性分析

就转换障碍的子维度对顾客忠诚的子维度的直接作用展开研究,采用方便样本收集数据,运用以偏最小二乘法(PLS)为基础的VPLS软件进行分析,原始理论模型经过修正之后,模型的信度和效度得到了保证。数据分析结果显示:转换障碍的子维度对顾客忠诚的子维度存在着积极正向作用,但是其部分子维度对顾客忠诚的作用不太显著。这可能是由于本模型中仅就转换障碍对顾客忠诚的直接作用展开研究,未引入任何的中介变量,同时也说明转换障碍对顾客忠诚的作用是复杂的,其中不仅包括直接效应,包括间接效应,探索哪些因素构成为其的中介因素应成为该领域研究的方向之一。     

技术性贸易壁垒对我国出口贸易影响的实证研究

受2007年爆发的金融危机影响,2009年全球货物贸易出现二战以来最大降幅,国际贸易保护主义急剧升温。技术性贸易壁垒作为我国出口面临的第一大非贸易关税壁垒,严重阻碍了中国对外贸易的正常发展。在此背景下,我国应对技术性贸易壁垒面临的形势更为复杂。论文介绍了金融危机背景下技术性贸易壁垒呈现的特点;定量和定性地分析了金融危机背景下技术性贸易壁垒对我国各类行业、各种产品的影响,不同国家对我国实施技术性贸易壁垒的情况以及我国部分省份受技术性贸易壁垒影响的情况;最后,从政府、行业协会、企业角度提出切实可行的我国应对技术性贸易壁垒的对策。     

Asymmetries between partners and the success of university-industry research collaborations

Despite the common belief that orientation asymmetry—fundamental differences in the goals and expectations between partners—constitutes a major barrier to successful collaboration, empirical evidence on how orientation asymmetry impacts university-industry collaboration is rare. We seek to understand the nature and impact of orientation asymmetry by conducting a mixed-method study of the research collaborations between a Big Pharma and its academic partners. Our interviews reveal critical asymmetries between partners, concerning not only different orientations, but also different perceptions of conflict. Building on these qualitative findings, we conduct a multi-wave, multi-source survey study to unpack the relationships between orientation asymmetry, conflict within collaboration teams, conflict perception asymmetry, and different types of collaboration success. We contribute to the literature on university-industry collaborations by providing a much-needed comparison of the perspectives from both sides of the collaboration and developing a nuanced understanding of the dynamics within collaboration project teams. We discuss the implications of our findings for researchers, managers, and policymakers.     

Coordination costs and project outcomes in multi-university collaborations

Multi-university collaborations draw on diverse resources and expertise, but they impose coordination costs for bridging institutional differences and geographic distance. We report a study of the coordination activities and project outcomes of 491 research collaborations funded by the US National Science Foundation. Coordination activities, especially division of responsibility for tasks and knowledge transfer among investigators, predicted project outcomes (e.g., producing new knowledge, creating new tools, and training students). However, more universities involved in a collaboration predicted fewer coordination activities and fewer project outcomes. A statistical mediation analysis showed that insufficient coordination explained the negative relationship between multi-university collaboration and project outcomes.