差异教学中的教师决策——国外研究述评

实施差异教学离不开有效的教师决策。国外已有的对教师差异教学决策的研究是在差异教学的框架内,对教师差异教学决策的本质、操作架构与策略、效果及问题等方面进行的分析。这些研究主要聚焦于差异教学过程,对职前教师的差异教学决策能力的培养、不同专业发展阶段教师的差异教学决策模式的专业特征及其演变、职后教师教学决策的实施保障等方面的研究相对薄弱,有待进一步深化。     

教师互动性教学决策的模式与运行——不同教师教学决策水平的比较

基于问题解决的教师互动性教学决策模式是围绕教学事件引发的决策问题,以目标系统、观念系统和知识系统之间的相互作用为基础展开的关系框架。本文运用问卷调查的方法,比较了新手和熟手两类教师互动性教学决策模式的运行差异。调查发现,两类教师互动性教学决策都存在着教材为本的决策倾向。大部分教师尤其是新手教师存在着决策层次的低位徘徊,教师差异教学观念的缺乏等问题,需要教师在经验积累的基础上不断地反思决策惯习,更新教育观念。丰富专业知识。实现教师教学决策的专业化。     

基于决策框架理论的教学决策分析

新一轮课程改革需要教师拥有更大的专业自主权，而专业自主权反映在教师的教学决策及其行为上。教学是不断影响学习可能性的专业决策过程。用决策框架理论来研究教师教学决策，有利于帮助教师分析自己的教学行为。在教学中，我们要以正确的教育理念作为教学决策框架建立的依据，要善于从教学问题的角色背景分析教学决策框架，要善于面对教学问题进行决策框架的调整。     

基于决策框架理论的教学决策分析

新一轮课程改革需要教师拥有更大的专业自主权,而专业自主权反映在教师的教学决策及其行为上.教学是不断影响学习可能性的专业决策过程.用决策框架理论来研究教师教学决策,有利于帮助教师分析自己的教学行为.在教学中,我们要以正确的教育理念作为教学决策框架建立的依据,要善于从教学问题的角色背景分析教学决策框架,要善于面对教学问题进行决策框架的调整.     

国外教师教学决策的比较研究及启示

合理的教学决策是有效教学的前提。不同专业发展阶段的教师在教学计划决策、互动性教学决策和反思性教学决策三方面存在着决策维度、决策焦点和决策模式的差异。现有研究表明,新手教师成长为卓越教师,除了教学经验的不断丰富之外,更重要的是要增强教师的课程意识和课程决策能力,提高教师对教学决策的反思批判水平。对这一问题的后续研究需要增加有经验教师和专家教师的教学决策比较,实现从认知理性到生态理性的研究转换,以更好地指导教师专业发展的实践。     

职前教师差异教学决策能力的培养与实践研究

教师差异教学决策能力是教师在教学中能否实施有效的差异教学的关键。以教学支持、教育实践和教学评价为要素探讨职前教师差异教学决策能力的培养,表明教师的差异教学观对其差异教学决策会产生影响,教师的差异教学知识也会促进教师差异教学决策能力的提升。     

试析教师教学决策的特征与因素

教师教学决策是指教师根据客观条件和学生需要，在教学前，教学中，教学后，经过科学而系统的分析，选择适当的教学方案，从而不断完善自身教学思想和行为的过程。教学决策包括程序化决策和非程序化决策。以个人决策为主，辅以必要的集体决策。属于微观决策，但会影响到教育的宏观决策。教师在教学决策中应注意时目标、资源、策略和时间的控制。     

国外教师课堂教学决策研究

教学质量的提升要求教师能够合理、有效地进行教学决策。20世纪70年代以来,教师教学思维研究从教学决策的角度描述了课堂教学决策的过程。从类型上来看,直觉与理性双重过程指导下的课堂教学决策成为共识;从内容上来看,学生、教学过程和课堂管理成为课堂教学决策的主要关注点;从过程上来看,替代性策略与教学惯例相结合等过程模式反映了教师课堂教学决策的认知过程;从有效性上来看,课堂教学决策的质量与学生学业成绩存在相关性,新手教师与专家教师在课堂教学决策的目的、对象、过程、方法及效果等方面存在差异;从影响因素上来看,学生行为、教学经验和课堂情境是主要的影响因素。20世纪90年代之后,课堂教学决策研究向教师教育方向转化。我国对教师教学决策的研究起步较晚,成果较为匮乏。因此,了解国外关于教师决策的研究成果对我国的教学研究及教师教育发展具有理论和实践上的双重指导意义。     

发展性课堂中教学决策有效性的归因与策略

教学决策有效性作为教学有效性的组成部分,不仅使教学变得“更完美”而且“更合适”,其内涵为教师在充分尊重学生差异的基础上,有效选择适应学生发展的教学方法与方案,鼓励学生主动参与、合作学习,从而使学生在课堂学习过程中体验、理解、快乐,同时掌握学习方法、提高学习能力,逐步形成正确的情感态度与价值观。本文探讨了影响发展性课堂教学中教学决策有效性的因素,实施的策略并尝试建构教学决策有效的模式。     

论“生态理性”视域中的教师教学决策

教师教学决策是教学能够达到预期目标的决定性因素。生态理性是生态学域内的思想。教学作为一种生态系统,也可以从生态理性思想出发,探讨教师教学决策的相关问题。在生态理性视域中,教师教学决策追求的是教学的有限效果;教师的教学决策应遵循生态理性的基本原则,即整体性原则和双赢原则;教师教学决策的精神内核是教师、学生与教学生态系统的和谐共存,其实践方向在于教学决策的决策者--教师成为生态理性人。     

教学决策可视化模型的设计和应用研究

从教师专业技能培养的视角,设计和开发了一个支持新手教师教学决策技能训练的模型,进而转换为教学决策概念图/思维导图模板,并应用于个案教师培训。目的在于帮助新手教师习得科学的、稳定的教学决策模式,为探求教师决策知识可视化寻求有效途径。     

Professional vision of inclusive classrooms: A validation of teachers’ reasoning on differentiated instruction and teacher-student interactions

Because of the evolution towards inclusive education, professional vision becomes a central skill, which is teachers’ ability to notice and reason about classroom situations. Two aspects are quintessential for maximal learning outcomes among diverse learners: positive teacher-student interactions (PTSI) and differentiated instruction (DI). Consequently, this study validates an instrument to measure teachers’ reasoning with regard to PTSI and DI using explorative and confirmatory factor analyses. A total of 991 teachers and 3011 pre-service teachers indicated how crucial PTSI- and DI-arguments were in their comparative judgement of videoclips. Results show that the latent construct of PTSI consist of three subdimensions: individual needs, safe & structured environment, and student involvement. The latent construct of DI consists of four subdimensions: active learning, instructional clarity, adaptive teaching, and flexible grouping. The robustness of these findings across contexts demonstrates the centrality of these dimensions in teachers’ reasoning about inclusive classrooms.     

Exploring and evaluating differentiated assessment practices of in-service teachers for components of differentiation

Classroom assessment is central to effective teaching and learning, making assessment literacy a core component for teacher education. The present study explores self-reported, differentiated assessment practices of Malaysian in-service teachers. The practices were evaluated using an analytic framework that was developed based upon the existing literature on components of differentiation. Data were collected from 32 in-service teachers using open-ended survey questionnaires. Twelve of the teachers also participated in in-depth interviews. Documents provided by the teachers were also analyzed. Data from the open-ended survey were analyzed using NVivo11 to develop codes for the analytic framework. The findings offer insights into teachers’ knowledge, application, and interpretation of differentiated assessment practices. The discussion explores teachers’ explanations of their own practices and, further, recommends ways to improve knowledge and application of differentiated assessment. The implications of the findings are discussed for assessment literacy-related professional development for teachers, school management and policies to facilitate implementation of differentiated assessment.     

‘I do not think I actually do it well’: a discourse analysis of Australian senior secondary teachers’ self-efficacy and attitudes towards implementation of differentiated instruction

Differentiated instruction is a proactive teaching model and philosophy with demonstrated potential to cater for diverse learners and create inclusive classrooms. There is little research, however, into the implementation of this approach in the senior secondary classroom. Teachers’ implementation of differentiated instruction has been shown to be linked to teacher attitudes and self-efficacy in other settings. This study investigated the impact of teachers’ self-efficacy and attitudes towards the implementation of differentiated instruction in the senior secondary context across two Australian states with a total of five participating teachers. The A (Affective) B (Behaviour) C (Cognitive) model was employed to define teacher attitudes from interviews concerning differentiated instruction. Findings indicated that teacher knowledge was a major factor influencing differentiation, in addition to attitude and self-efficacy. The discourse analysis demonstrated that teachers held a greater knowledge of differentiation strategies than the concepts that underpin the differentiated instruction framework. Additionally, time constraints and feelings of failure in implementing differentiation strategies impacted teacher attitudes. Teacher knowledge, attitude and self-efficacy were interrelated and impacted on teachers’ implementation of differentiated instruction in the senior secondary classroom. Implications for professional development to address student needs through differentiated instruction in the inclusive senior secondary classroom teacher are discussed.     

Evaluating the impact of differentiated instruction on literacy and reading in mixed ability classrooms: Quality and equity dimensions of education effectiveness

This article presents the findings of a quasi-experimental study that evaluated the effect of differentiated instruction on students’ learning, in mixed ability classrooms. Participants in the study were 24 teachers and 479 grade-four elementary students. Results indicate that in classrooms where differentiated instruction methods were systematically employed, students made better progress compared to students in classrooms where differentiated instruction methods were not employed, the family's socioeconomic status did not lead to differentiation in students’ achievement and the quality of differentiated teaching had a corresponding effect on students’ achievement. Based on these findings, the article discusses the significance of the systematic employment of differentiated instruction methods in mixed ability classrooms for promoting equity, optimization of quality and effectiveness in teaching.     

课程决策专业主体权力行使的困境与出路

课程事务中,具有课程专业智识并行使课程决策权的主体包括教育研究机构、教育专家学者及一线教师,他们既是独立的主体,亦是其他主体利益及诉求表达的代表者或中介者,而身份的多样性也为其权力的行使带来困境:教育研究机构在政治压力与社会期望的夹缝中生存,教育专家学者在自由理想与现实束缚间痛苦徘徊,一线教师则成为形式赋权与权力虚置间的尴尬存在。课程决策专业主体权力的保障,既是课程专业品质的保证,亦是维护课程公平的要求。为此,不仅需要相关部门加强制度建设,为其提供良好的课程决策环境,还需要专业主体自身坚实履行职责,巩固其专业权威。     

Perspectives of teachers on differentiated teaching in multi-cultural South African secondary schools

South African teachers encounter numerous challenges in the creation of differentiated activities to include diverse learner needs in effective teaching and learning. These challenges include the inability to identify learning barriers and adapt the curriculum, teaching and assessment methods according to the learning styles and readiness levels of learners. The study aimed to explore secondary school teachers’ (n = 262) perspectives on the implementation of differentiated instruction in public secondary schools (n = 27), using qualitative and quantitative approaches. The results indicated that teachers cannot always assist their learners when they need them; show them how to solve problems; or allow learners to work on their own. In addition, various limitations, such as inadequate teacher training, large class sizes, workload, undisciplined learners, lack of resources and parental involvement, second language instruction, inadequate support services and socio-economic barriers contribute to the use of teacher-centred methods. The study recommends that intervention programmes in the form of workshops on how to create differentiated activities should be prioritised in the professional development of teachers.     

论有效教学的实践建构

有效教学是教育理论研究的一个热点问题,也是人们非常关注的教育实践问题。有效教学的最终目标是什么?有效教学的实践何以可能?有效教学怎样才能够可持续?为了回答这些问题,我们需要对有效教学的相关因素进行系统分析,并从整体上建构一种有效教学的分析框架,以此帮助教师更好地进行教学设计,改进教学实践,开展教学反思。     

基于滞后序列分析法的教学决策行为比较研究

教师的教学决策行为是影响教学质量的深层因素,对整个教学活动流程具有导向性作用。文章借鉴"专家—新手"比较范式,采用滞后序列分析法,以90名教师为研究样本,重点比较了骨干教师与新手教师在教学决策行为上的差异,结果发现:在静态决策行为方面,骨干教师更关注认知类决策,而新手教师更关注程序性决策;在动态决策行为方面,骨干教师的决策策略比新手教师更均衡多样、目标更聚焦。此外,文章还综合两类教师的动静决策行为特点,给出了相应的启示和建议,以期为新手教师成长为优秀骨干教师提供实践指导,并为发展新手教师的教学决策能力提供外在的"结果态"参照。