"病症"与意识形态批判

病症不仅是拉康精神分析学的一个关键概念,而且还是当代哲学家斯拉沃热·齐泽克意识形态批判理论中的核心概念.齐泽克结合马克思的"意识形态批判"赋予了"病症"新的政治意义.他认为,在意识形态中,病症是一个被符号秩序所排除的例外.这一特殊性坚持自己的普遍性要求就会颠覆和解构意识形态的符号秩序,带来马克思意义上的意识形态批判.     

齐泽克：意识形态新的理论场域

齐泽克的意识形态学说深受拉康的影响.他以拉康的精神分析和主体批判理论为其意识形态学说的基础,把马克思主义的批判精神作为一种重要的资源并将其转化为一种激进政治话语,对当代资本主义社会及其思想文化现象进行了新的探讨和剖析,拓展出一种关于意识形态的新的理论场域.齐泽克认为,意识形态在对主体进行建构的同时也造成了"真实的缺失".意识形态不仅仅是一种"社会意识",更是一种"社会存在",而我们自己就置身于意识形态幻象所创设的社会存在的环境之中.齐泽克将意识形态幻象划分为自在的意识形态、自为的意识形态和自在自为的意识形态,他指出:人们试图走出意识形态的动作恰巧是人们被"拉进意识形态的方式";人们借以衡量意识形态扭曲的中立的标准、超意识形态的依据以及纯形式的操作程序所带来的深层效果或许是最为纯粹的意识形态.齐泽克把意识形态看成是支撑现实的幻象建构,认为意识形态幻象的功能就是通过整合与维系社会关系强化人们的信仰与服从,并修饰和填补能指秩序的裂缝,赋予其一致性的意义,从而消弭社会对抗,实现社会整合.齐泽克关于意识形态消弭社会对抗的"不可能性"的论述,则明显表现为一种"后马克思主义"的政治立场.     

齐泽克犬儒主义意识形态理论的内在逻辑与理论困境

齐泽克宣称后马克思时代意识形态的主导模式已经变成了犬儒主义意识形态。他围绕“幻象与现实”的关系,通过将精神分析理论中幻象和现实的含义与马克思的意识形态理论中虚假与现实的含义交织在一起,并刻意不加区分地混用,以此建构了犬儒主义意识形态的理论框架;并进一步通过商品交换活动中人们误将商品和货币的抽象普遍性认成了真正实体,从而倒置了抽象普遍与具体特殊,以此说明犬儒主义意识形态的运作原理。最后用“律令就是律令”这一命题的自我阐明过程和将意识形态幻象与信仰类比,去解说意识形态幻象的运作方式。齐氏的论断看似是对马克思的意识形态理论的颠覆,实则并没有越出马克思意识形态理论的框架。当今社会日益增强的符号性网络的权威性作为齐泽克理论的现实依据,在本质上也并未与马克思所处的时代有根本差别。     

浅析马克思对旧意识形态的批判

马克思的历史唯物主义是在对旧意识形态批判的基础上建立起来的,批判精神是马克思意识形态的基本特色.在对"旧意识形态"的批判中,马克思主要针对黑格尔及青年黑格尔派、费尔巴哈、普鲁东等进行了批判,其中涉及的问题主要有:关于社会意识与社会存在的关系,意识形态的本质及根源,意识形态的阶级性和科学性等.     

论马克思的"资本现代性批判"

现代性批判理论大致可以区分为两种范式：其一是侧重于形而上学的意识哲学批判,对于这种现代性批判范式我们称之为“现代性的哲学话语”;其对立面则是深入社会存在的层面根本性地解决现代性问题,揭示资本的形而上学奥秘,这种批判范式我们称之为“资本现代性批判”,这正是马克思的现代性批判理路。它又分为两个层面：其一是对资本改变了社会存在形式以及人们的生存方式的批判;其二则是资本对意识形态的中介与干预的批判,表现为对拜物教的批判。     

关于齐泽克意识形态理论研究述评

自从齐泽克进入我国学术界的视野,国内关于齐泽克的研究备受关注。从目前的学术成果来看,学者们的研究不只是停留在对齐泽克的著作译介层面,也逐渐深入齐泽克的理论研究维度。学者们从齐泽克的意识形态概念、齐泽克与马克思关于意识形态异质问题以及意识形态主体性等问题展开了深入探讨,但仍需深化对齐泽克意识形态理论及与之相关理论的研究。     

作为幻象的意识形态：齐泽克意识形态理论研究

当代著名后现代哲学家齐泽克以其独特的写作和论述风格,为我们提供了他的幻象意识形态理论。该理论在逻辑前提中把意识形态当做与现实或实在对立的幻象来批判,又在具体论述中把幻象与实在之间的关系模糊化甚至同一化,并进而模糊和取消了现实或实在与意识形态之间的区分和对立关系。这就使得任何意识形态批判实际都已不可能,因为幻象意识形态已成为无法打倒的“崇高客体”,我们所做的似乎只能是“穿越”意识形态幻象,触摸实在界的面庞:意识形态已经一方面具有准物质形态的现实感或实在性,另一方面又以一种非物质的形态获得了永恒性和常在性。这就是幻象意识形态的本质特征。基于此,齐泽克以其对幻象的批判成就了对当代或后现代资本主义社会意识形态现象的批判和揭露。     

论齐泽克的共产主义理念

齐泽克在对资本主义社会进行批判的基础上,认为面对当今资本主义所不能解决的四种对抗,我们仍然需要求助于共产主义的理念。齐泽克的共产主义理念有四个基本维度：首先,齐泽克在对资本主义社会和全球危机批判的基础上提出共产主义理念的必要性;其次,齐泽克的共产主义理念是针对资本主义意识形态乌托邦的批判,是对资本主义意识形态的批判;再次,齐泽克的共产主义理念的革命主体是新型的无产阶级,也就是每一个处于资本主义统治下的个体;最后,齐泽克的共产主义理念提出了一种末世论时间观,认为接受共产主义的理念就要积极地采取行动,站在未来可能发生灾难的立场上积极地干预现在,为现在植入一种新的可能性。与巴迪欧的共产主义理念相比,齐泽克的共产主义理念显得更为激进,但是却存在着许多模糊性和摇摆性,特别是在共产主义的主体观上,陷入了一种空想,值得我们进行深入的反思和批判。     

马克思早期意识形态思想论析

马克思早期的意识形态思想在马克思思想发展中居有重要地位。在马克思那里 ,标志其哲学思想诞生的著作不但以《德意志意识形态》命名 ,更重要的是 ,在对同时代形形色色意识形态思潮的批判过程中 ,马克思形成并确立起了自己的唯物史观思想。从马克思的文本出发 ,结合马克思思想发展的内在逻辑 ,分别从“德意志意识形态”特点及其与“一般意识形态”的关系、“意识形态”虚幻的秘密、马克思的方法论特点、意识形态批判与新世界观的创立等方面 ,对马克思早期的意识形态思想作了初步辨析     

论齐泽克意识形态理论的思想渊源

齐泽克意识形态理论的思想内容涉及广泛,对其思想进行学术渊源的梳理,将有助于挖掘其思想的本质内核,有助于理清西方马克思主义意识形态理论的发展脉络。纵观齐泽克思想的发展历程,他的意识形态理论思想主要来源于马克思的商品拜物教理论与弗洛伊德、拉康的精神分析理论,同时也源于对阿尔都塞的意识形态国家机器理论以及拉克劳、墨菲的激进民主政治理论的分析与解读。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.     

团图为数的图中的闭团贯数

Given a graph G,a subgraph C is called a clique of G if C is a complete subgraph of G maximal under inclusion and |C|≥2. A clique-transversal set S of G is a set of vertices of G such that S meets all cliques of G. The clique-transversal number, denoted as TC (G), is the minimum cardinality of a clique-transversal set in G. The clique-graph of G, denoted as K (G), is the graph obtained by taking the cliques of G as vertices, and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding cliques in G have nonempty intersection. Let F be a class of graphs G such that F={G|K(G) is a tree}. In this paper the graphs in F having independent clique-transversal sets are shown and thus TC (G)/|G|≤1/2 for all G ∈ F.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.