亚洲地区自然指数分析――以中国、印度、日本、韩国和新加坡为例

以亚洲地区的中国、印度、日本、韩国和新加坡5国为例,通过分析2016年5月—2017年4月自然指数(Nature Index)的文章计量数、分数式计量数和加权分数式计量数等数据,对比研究其所体现的科研创新能力、优势学科、科研效率和国际合作程度及合作国等。研究表明,中国高水平科研论文产出量明显高于其他亚洲国家,但科研效率相对较低,学科发展水平不均衡,与日本、澳大利亚之间彼此互为主要国际合作国。     

Influencing scientists’ collaboration and productivity patterns through new institutions: University research centers and scientific and technical human capital

This paper analyzes the effect of university research centers on the productivity and collaboration patterns of university faculty. University research centers are an important subject for policy analysis insofar that they have become the predominant policy response to scientific and technical demands that have not been met by extant institutions, including academic departments, private firms, and government laboratories. Specifically, these centers aim to organize researchers from across the disciplines and sectors which, collectively as a research unit, possess the scientific and technical capacity relevant to scientific and technical goals of the sponsoring agencies. In this paper, we measure the productivity and collaboration patterns of university researchers affiliated with a relatively large-scale and “mature” university research center to discern the effects, if any, of the center mechanism on individual scientists and engineers. Based on an analysis of longitudinal bibliometric data, the results from this case study demonstrate affiliation with the center to be effective at enhancing overall productivity as well as at facilitating cross-discipline, cross-sector, and inter-institutional productivity and collaborations.     

“一带一路”沿线国家科技合作网络比较研究

本研究利用“一带一路”沿线国家跨国PCT专利合作申请信息构建5个技术领域科技合作网络,采用社会网络分析方法从网络可视图、网络整体结构指标和网络中心性指标三方面进行对比分析。研究结果表明,一方面,各技术领域科技合作网络中节点国家的合作广度和合作强度均表现出明显的不均衡性,网络均呈现网络规模较大、网络密度低、平均距离短的特征,网络中核心国家基本上都是经济较发达的国家;另一方面,5个技术领域科技合作网络中的大节点及高频合作国家对有所区别,网络分属不同类型,网络中核心国家的分布与排序亦有所不同。上述研究结果对沿线各国制定适合的科技合作政策、开展各具特色的跨国科技合作有一定的借鉴意义。     

Knowledge flows in the solar photovoltaic industry: Insights from patenting by Taiwan, Korea, and China

In this paper we extend work previously undertaken in industries such as semiconductor and flat panel displays to investigate knowledge flows from advanced countries (US, Japan and Europe) to catch-up follower countries (Taiwan, Korea and China), this time in the emergent solar photovoltaic industry. The solar photovoltaic industry is of particular interest in that it is poised between exploitation of first generation (crystalline silicon technologies) and new thin film and organic compound technologies, thus providing distinct sources of knowledge flow as measured by patent citations and linkage. For this study, we deploy a new database of 19,105 solar photovoltaic patents taken out by Taiwan, Korea and China at the USPTO over the 24 years 1984-2008, and analyse the knowledge flows revealed in these patents using a set of 12 International Patent Classification technology categories that we constructed. We demonstrate commonalities in patterns of knowledge flow between solar photovoltaic and earlier industries, but also suggestive differences, such as rising dependence of the catch-up countries on their own intra-national knowledge generation and flow, indicating their shift from imitation to innovation.     

基于扩展型贸易引力模型的浙江出口影响因素及潜力测算

在扩展型贸易引力模型的基础上,利用浙江省出口贸易总额较大的14个国家(地区)2003-2010年间的面板数据,使用Eviews5.0进行了贸易引力模型的多元线性回归分析。分析结果表明,浙江省对欧洲、美国、新加坡与中国香港等市场"出口饱和",在原有的出口结构基础上没有太大的提升空间。而对中国台湾省、日本、韩国、俄罗斯、澳大利亚等国家则"出口不足",尚存在较大的开发潜力。     

Professional networks, scientific collaboration, and publication productivity in resource-constrained research institutions in a developing country

We test the hypothesis that scientific collaboration is associated with increased publication productivity. We differentiate our approach from other studies by (a) incorporating professional networks in the productivity model, (b) casting productivity and collaboration as distinct phenomena, and (c) examining these phenomena in the context of resource-constrained research institutions in a developing country. We use survey data and employ negative binomial regression models. Results indicate that publication productivity is significantly linked to professional network factors, but there is no evidence of any association with scientific collaboration. We observe that most scientists collaborate in research projects despite coordination difficulties, and without any measurable impact on their productivity. Our interviews reveal that a possible answer to this puzzle appears to be rooted in a practice that views collaborative research projects not mainly as a means to producing knowledge and gaining recognition, but for acquiring professional opportunities and extrinsic rewards. Our findings suggest a new way of modeling publication productivity, with implications for science and innovation policy in both the developed and the developing world.     

Innovation financing policies for entrepreneurial development — Cases of Singapore and Taiwan as newly industrializing economies in Asia

This paper is concerned with the innovation financing policies for entrepreneurial development of Singapore and Taiwan, the first tier countries/newly industrializing economies (NIEs) in Asia. In particular, the study focuses on the venture capital and capital market funding policies. The study has shown that the government intervention model is successful in Singapore and Taiwan as a result of having clear cut agencies responsible for carrying out policy implementation. Both countries also have stock markets for high-tech industries with flexible market-entry regulations to support technology development. The study offers empirical reasons on effective innovation financing policies to support the national economic development.     

国际力学科学合作中是否存在马太效应

经过对近17万条力学SCI专业期刊论文索引数据的统计和分析，考察了科学生产能力与国际科学合作的关系.研究结果表明，国际力学科学合作中存在马太效应。在国际力学科学合作中，相对低产的国家倾向于和相对高产的国家合作，但是相对高产的国家有更多机会成为第一作者国家，科学产出能力越强的国家在国际合作中越具有优势。但是，总体说来，国际力学科学合作中的马太效应不是太强。     

Scientific teams and institutional collaborations: Evidence from U.S. universities, 1981-1999

This paper explores recent trends in the size of scientific teams and in institutional collaborations. The data derive from 2.4 million scientific papers written in 110 top U.S. research universities over the period 1981-1999. The top 110 account for a large share of published basic research conducted in the U.S. during this time.We measure team size by the number of authors on a scientific paper. Using this measure we find that team size increases by 50% over the 19-year period. We supplement team size with measures of domestic and foreign institutional collaborations, which capture the geographic dispersion of team workers. The time series evidence suggests that the trend towards more geographically dispersed scientific teams accelerates beginning with papers published at the start of the 1990s. This acceleration suggests a sharp decline in the cost of collaboration. Our hypothesis is that the decline is due to the deployment of the National Science Foundation's NSFNET and its connection to networks in Europe and Japan after 1987.Using a panel of top university departments we also find that private universities and departments whose scientists have earned prestigious awards participate in larger teams, as do departments that have larger amounts of federal funding. Placement of former graduate students is a key determinant of institutional collaborations, especially collaborations with firms and with foreign scientific institutions. Finally, the evidence suggests that scientific output and influence increase with team size and that influence rises along with institutional collaborations. Since increasing team size implies an increase in the division of labor, these results suggest that scientific productivity increases with the scientific division of labor.     

Bibliometric mapping of scientific research on prion diseases, 1973–2002

The purpose of the present study is to analyse and map the trends in research on prion diseases by applying bibliometric tools to the scientific literature published between 1973 and 2002. The data for the study were obtained from the Medline database. The aim is to determine the volume of scientific output in the above period, the countries involved and the trends in the subject matters addressed. Significant growth is observed in scientific production since 1991 and particularly in the period 1996–2001. The countries found to have the highest output are the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, France and Germany. The collaboration networks established by scientists are also analysed in this study, as well as the evolution in the subject matters addressed in the papers they published, that are observed to remain essentially constant in the three sub-periods into which the study is divided.     

美日德非营利科研机构管理的比较研究及其启示

本文以美、日、德的非营利科研机构的管理为研究对象，比较分析了三国的非营利科研机构的宏观管理与监督、内部治理结构、分配与福利制度、税务制度、科研活动的管理、人事管理制度和财务管理制度。最后论述了对我国的非营利科研机构管理的几点启示。     

Viticulture and oenology scientific research: The Old World versus the New World wine-producing countries

The main aim of this study was to analyze the scientific productivity and collaboration between Old World wine-producing countries (Austria, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Switzerland) and New World wine-producing countries (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, South Africa, United Sates, Uruguay) in viticulture and oenology through bibliometric analyses of articles included in the Science Citation Index Expanded database for the period 1994–2013. A number of 1527 research articles were published in 563 journals. The results highlight an important growth in the collaboration between countries during the second decade (2004–2013). Papers have been published in numerous journals belonging to several subject areas. Food Science and Technology, Horticulture and Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology appeared as the most productive research areas. A social network analysis of collaboration between these countries was also performed in order to analyze the most powerful scientific cooperation.     

中美日国际论文跨学科特征比较分析

近年来跨学科研究已成为基础研究发展的重要趋势和方向。本文基于Web of Science核心数据库,运用文献计量方法和社会网络分析法对比分析了2003-2017年间中国、美国、日本国际论文的跨学科特点和发展态势,研究内容包括跨学科论文产出特征、学科多样性、学科融合网络特征和主要学科融合组合。结果显示,我国跨学科论文绝对数量的增长速度高于美国和日本;与美国和日本不同的是,跨学科论文中跨学部论文的比例中国近几年呈下降趋势。中、美、日都以两个学科融合为主,尽管两个以上学科融合的比例中国高于美国和日本,但学科融合网络特征显示,中国学科融合网络的连通性、凝聚性和平均度数都要低于美国和日本。中、美、日主要的学科融合组合存在差异,工程学部在我国跨学科研究中占有重要地位。     

典型发达国家国际合作对中国与“一带一路”国家科技创新合作的启示

当前大多数“一带一路”国家的科技创新基础较薄弱，科技创新合作意愿和基础普遍不足，各国之间深层次的国际科技合作亟待加强，中国与“一带一路”沿线国家的科技创新合作的内容与机制也亟待进一步丰富与完善。本研究通过重点梳理分析美国、欧盟、德国、日本和新加坡等发达国家和地区与发展中国家开展国际科技合作的经验，总结得出其具有四方面共同特征：搭建多层次科技交流平台，深化科技人文交流；科学布局国际科技合作基地，拓宽科技合作网络；建立健全海外孵化器，打造“一带一路”特色创新合作体系；推进联合技术攻关，提升科技援助水平。中国可从中汲取有益的做法，根据自身与“一带一路”沿线国家的发展阶段和现实需求，探索具有中国特色的“一带一路”科技创新合作创新模式。建议重点从科技人文交流、科技合作网络、特色创新合作体系、科技援助水平等维度探索构建人才、技术、空间等多种要素协同创新和联动发展的合作生态，通过增强国际科技话语权、有效互补协作和开展科技援助等方式推进“一带一路”国际科技创新与合作行稳致远。     

国际合作下的ESI高被引论文产出及其影响力研究

[目的/意义]探索国际合作下世界主要国家/地区高被引论文的产出情况及影响力水平。[方法/过程]以2008-2018年ESI中22个学科领域186 474篇高被引论文为基础研究数据，以高被引论文总数排名前10的国家/地区为主要研究对象，对样本国家/地区高水平、高影响力的科技文献产出、产出影响力及合作情况进行分析，重点分析我国进入ESI学科所属高被引文献的国际合作情况及影响力特征。[结果/结论]国际合作对不同国家/地区的科研产出影响不同；国际合作强度与成果产出影响力不存在显著的正相关关系；国际合作对我国大部分学科领域的高被引论文均有积极的正面影响，但部分学科领域国际合作高被引论文的总体影响力却低于我国自主研发高被引论文。     

Funding incentives, collaborative dynamics and scientific productivity: Evidence from the EU framework program

In this paper we examine how incentives for collaboration shape collaborative behavior and researcher productivity in the context of EU-funded research networks. EU-funded research networks require researchers to collaborate as a condition for securing research funding. The presence of research funding, therefore, may influence collaborative behavior. Our approach involves isolating the effects of funding, collaboration and previous collaborations (prior to funding) on research output, and examining how the pattern of collaboration affects research productivity over time. Employing a panel of 294 researchers in 39 EU research networks over a 15-year period we find that while the impact of funding on productivity is generally positive the overall impact of collaboration within the funded networks is weak. When we delineate between pre-, during- and post-funding periods, however, we find some important differences. During the period of funding, collaboration did not lead to an increase in research production. In the post-funding period we find that although the number of collaborations decreases within the network, the impact of collaboration on productivity is positive and significant. Our findings suggest that collaborations formed to capitalize on funding opportunities, while not effective in enhancing researcher productivity in the short run, may be an important promoter of effective collaborations in the longer run.     

跨界合作网络与专利产出的性别差异：基于中科院科研人员调查的实证研究

本文以中科院所属研究院所科研人员为主要调查对象，从跨界合作网络的视角出发，分析专利产出性别差异的社会网络机制。研究主要有3个发现：1.女性科研人员跨界合作网络规模和网络关系强度上均存在明显的欠缺；2.与企业界、其他学科领域合作网络规模和网络关系强度上的欠缺是影响专利产出性别差异的重要因素，而且网络关系强度的影响作用要大于网络规模的影响；3.性别对于跨界合作网络与专利产出关系的调节作用并不显著，即在拥有相同网络规模和网络关系强度的情况下，女性从与各类合作网络关系中获得专利产出回报的可能性与男性并无显著区别。与男性同事相比，女性的专利产出会更多地受到其他因素的影响，如职业早期的企业工作经历、单位组织的知识产权培训等。最后，在结果讨论的基础上提出在学术成果商业化新趋势下减少科技领域性别差异的政策建议。     

中国与瑞典专利技术合作研究

国际科技合作是促进国内技术创新的重要路径,而国际专利合作申请是国 际科技合作的重要体现。本文选择瑞典的优势产业技术领域,基于 1988年至2017 年瑞典、中国申请及合作申请的 PCT 专利和 EPO 专利,对专利申请及合作趋势 进行分析。剖析了我国企业与瑞典在专利技术创新方面的差距及在专利合作中存 在的问题,以期为我国企业更好地开展对瑞典科技与经济合作提供参考。尤其是 在中美经贸关系紧张背景下,探讨与关键性小国的合作对我国深化对外科技合作 战略、推动企业技术创新具有重要意义。     

中国储能技术的科学能力测度与国际比较

储能技术是指引人们走向绿色清洁低碳新未来的关键一环。为了全面了解并定位中国在储能技术领域的科学研究能力,本文综合运用文献计量和社会网络分析及可视化方法,从多维度和长时间跨度的视角综合测度中国在储能技术领域的科学能力并进行国际比较分析。研究结果表明该领域科学产出呈现显着增长;美国的科学产出与科学影响力都处于优势地位;中国科学产出位居榜首,但其科学影响力却相对不足;美国一直占据跨国家/地区科学合作网络的中心,中国逐渐成为合作网络的重要成员;“相变储能”、“超导磁储能”、“超级电容器”、“锂离子电池”、“储能材料”等是储能技术领域的重要研究主题。     

海峡两岸科学合作的前沿与前景——两岸优势学科合作论文的可视化分析

海峡两岸科学合作与协同发展,是两岸合作与发展的重要组成部分。以SCI数据库中两岸科学合作论文为数据来源,从贝尔纳关于科学合作的科学学视角,用科学计量学和知识可视化的方法,对海峡两岸科学合作的发展态势和研究前沿进行了探测。展望了深化和拓展两岸科学合作的未来前景,提出把两岸科学合作研究前沿延伸到两岸协同创新,建立以两岸合资企业为主体、以民用产业技术研发为任务、产学研相结合的两岸产业技术研发联盟,并使之成为网络环境下赛博支持的发现—创新体系。