中国经济系统的物质消耗分析

工业革命以来200多年的科技进步和经济增长,使人类社会创造的物质财富达到了空前的程度.伴随着经济的快速发展,人类开始了对自然环境肆无忌弹的"侵略",并由此导致了一系列的诸如能源危机、资源短缺、环境污染以及生态系统功能退化等关乎人类生存的问题.为了探索经济发展同自然资源使用之间的关系,本文借助物质流账户方法,计算了中国1990年～2002年中国经济发展中的国内物质消耗DMC(Domestic Material Consumption),并将之与国民经济发展指标联系,对DMC进行了反弹和减量效应分解.结果表明:1990年～2002年国内物质总消耗在26×108t～40×108t之间,合人均2.3t～3.1t;以2000年不变价人民币计算的国内物质使用效率(单位物质消耗的经济产出)约为1 266元～2 628元/t,在1990年～2002年间以年6.2%的年均增长率增长了105%.物质使用效率的提高表明中国经济的物质消耗没有随经济总量的增长而成比例增长,实现了一定程度的相对减量.但我国的资源使用效率只有英国的约1/7、法国的约1/5、德国的约1/4,我国经济仍处于资源消耗型增长阶段,DMC总量增长势头较强,实现绝对减量十分不易.     

中国经济系统物质代谢核算及环境压力分析

利用物质代谢分析方法和环境冲击压力方程,对1990~2005年中国经济系统的物质代谢总量、强度、效率及资源循环利用率进行了核算和分析。结果表明:中国经济的高速发展很大程度上依赖于不断增长的物质高投入,并伴随着高污染排放;在人口增长速度相对缓慢的前提下,人均GDP的增长以物质代谢强度的大幅增加为代价;单位GDP的环境压力有所降低,但经济总量增长造成的环境总压力仍呈上升趋势;2005年中国资源循环利用率首次突破5%,但总体水平仍然低下;1996~2001年是中国经济系统物质代谢状况相对良好的一段时期,技术进步是影响物质代谢规模的关键因素。     

中国实物国际贸易及其附带的环境负担转嫁分析

由于各国资源禀赋条件和生产、消费水平不同,各种资源及其产品的国际贸易有利于国际分工的深化和整体生产力水平的提高,使全球资源的分配更加合理.但出口国为了提供出口商品,需开采本国资源,这一方面降低了本国资源的保障程度,另一方面出口商品的生产和本国资源开采加大了本国的环境压力;为发展本国经济发生的进口则对进口商品来源国的环境产生压力.因此国际贸易总是伴随着环境负担的转移.为了定量衡量实物国际贸易中附带的环境负担转移,本研究运用生态包袱概念和算法计算了中国1990年～2002年国际贸易对本国环境和别国环境引起的环境压力,并对中国这一时期的实物国际贸易做了详细分析.研究结果表明:1990年～2002年间以重量计算的中国的物质进口量为每年1.0×108t～4.0×108t,年增长率为11.3%;进口商品所附带的生态包袱为每年4.3×108t～25.0×108t,年增长率为15.6%;出口量为每年0.8×108t～1.9×108t,年增长率为7.5%,出口商品的生态包袱为每年3.0×108t～12.5×108t,年增长率为11.2%;实物贸易平衡(进口盈余)为每年0.25×108t～2.1×108t,总体趋于增长;生态包袱平衡(进口物质附带的生态包袱-出口物质附带的生态包袱)为每年1.1×108t～14.3×108t.1990年～2002年间中国每进口1t的物质对物质来源国的环境造成约4.2t～6.7t的环境压力,而中国出口1t的物质对本国环境产生大约3.9t～8.3t的环境压力.     

中国能源消费的分解分析

经济发展对能源消耗的不断增加同能源储量不断减少之间的矛盾日趋严重,能源危机时威胁着世界经济的发展.我国正处于全面工业化时期,经济快速发展,能源使用效率低,近几年不少地区出现的不同程度的"三荒"(电荒、煤荒和油荒)正是这一矛盾的体现.为了深入了解我国经济发展和能源使用效率对能源消耗的影响,本文运用分解模型把能源消耗总量的变化分解为经济增长效应和能源强度效应.计算结果显示:1978年～2003年间能源效率年均增长率为4.76%,能源消耗总量没有随GDP的增长而同比增长,经济发展与能源消耗之间实现了一定程度的相对脱钩;研究期间中国经济发展的增长效应共使能源消耗量增加约22.8×108t标准煤,而能源消耗强度降低所带来的减量效应共使能源消耗量减少约11.7×108t标准煤.若要在实现2020年国内生产总值(GDP)在2000年的基础上翻两番的目标的同时,使能源消耗总量保持在2000年水平,2000年～2020年间能源使用效率年增长率需达到7.2%,这是十分困难,但经过努力实现这一期间能源效率年均增长5%,从而把2020年的能源消耗总量控制在20×108t标准煤以内是有可能的.特别值得注意的是2001年～2003年的能源消耗增长速度超过了同期的GDP增长速度,能源使用效率随经济的发展不但没有提高,反而在下降.     

中国社会经济系统资源环境压力的时空差异

直接物质投入(DMI)和本地过程排放(DPO)是物质流分析框架中两个重要指标,可以反映一个经济系统的资源环境压力。本文基于经济系统物质流分析方法(EW-MFA,Economy-Wide Material Flow Analysis)核算中国30个省(市)1992年和2014年的人均DMI和人均DPO指标,分析中国社会经济系统资源环境压力的时空变化。结果显示:对比1992年和2014年,各省份的资源环境压力均呈增大趋势,其中黄河中游和西北各省份的资源环境压力增长最快;各省份的资源环境压力差距较大,总体呈现西北高、东南低的分布格局,其中内蒙古、山西、青海、宁夏等西北和黄河中游省份的资源环境压力最大,北京、上海、天津、广东等东部省份的资源环境压力最小,这一分布情况主要由各省份资源禀赋和产业结构差距较大导致;中国各经济区均面临不同程度的资源环境问题,但改变中国资源环境压力大、可持续发展潜力不足的关键在西北和黄河中游以及北部沿海和东部沿海经济区。     

基于物质流分析方法的区域可持续发展动态研究——以广东省为例

为探讨区域可持续发展的程度,本文综合运用物质流分析方法和IPAT方法,对广东省经济系统在1990年~2005年期间的自然物质输入与物质输出进行计算分析,并与江苏省进行了对比。结果表明,广东省的物质利用效率在1990年~2005年期间低于江苏省,物质输出效率在1990年~1996年、2000年~2005年期间高于江苏省,在1997年~1999年期间低于江苏省;物质消耗强度在1990年~2005年期间高于江苏省,物质输出强度在1990年~1996年、2003年~2005年期间低于江苏省,在1997年~2002年期间高于江苏省。2001年~2005年是其中发展最好的一个阶段,初步实现了可持续发展,在此期间,广东省经济系统在保持自然物质输入少量增加(DMI年均增长5.47%)的基础上实现了经济的较高速发展(GDP年均增长13.95%),同时污染物质排放量增长较小(RPO年均上升1.68%)。     

基于物质流分析方法的安徽省环境载荷及其减量化研究

采用物质流分析方法构建了表征环境压力总量的环境载荷指标,对1990年-2007年安徽省环境载荷变化趋势及其减量化状态进行了定量分析。结果表明:全省环境荷载输出占环境总荷载的比重较小,经济发展的驱动力主要依靠省内资源的开发利用;环境效率提高产生的减量效应明显,全省环境载荷实现了一定程度的相对减量化,但经济增长引起的反弹效应强于环境效率提高产生的减量效应,省内环境总载荷增加,尚未实现环境载荷绝对减量化;全省环境效率处于较低水平,实现环境载荷零增长甚至负增长,仍需要实现环境效率的倍数革命;按照2020年GDP在2000年基础上翻两番的经济发展目标,初步预测2020年环境载荷要在2007年基础上实现零增长,则需实现环境效率约2倍数革命。     

中国经济系统的物质循环结构分析

根据类比生态系统物质循环,并利用分室模型理论建立了经济-环境系统物质流模型,重点分析了我国经济系统的生产、消费和废弃物还原物质需求在未来30年的存量发展趋势,数值结果表明我国的经济结构调整虽然取得了相对物质减量化,但废弃物还原方面投入不足,生产物质、消费物质和废弃物排放量仍呈指数型增长,经济发展的资源和环境压力依然很大。     

辽宁省经济系统物质代谢的核算及分析

将人类社会经济系统看成自然生态系统中的一个子系统，研究该系统物质代谢的数量和质量，是目前产业生态学前沿研究的重点。本研究对辽宁省自1990年至2003年间的物质代谢情况进行了核算和分析研究，从区域物质流情景的角度入手，推进了中国经济系统的物质代谢及产业生态学的研究，并与国内国际相关研究成果进行了对比。结果表明自1990年以来，辽宁省社会经济系统物质代谢的变化过程与全国过程有一定的类似，其所消耗的自然资源绝对数量较大，相对数量也高于全国平均水平。然而数量上的优势并没有能够高效率的转化为经济上的贡献，其自然物质生产效率不仅低于全国平均水平，而且也远远低于国际先进水平，以2003年单位自然物质投入所产生的GDP为例，该值仅相当于2000年欧盟15国平均水平的30%，1996年日本平均水平的10%。辽宁省高数量的自然资源消耗并没有换来高质量的回报。最后对物质流核算与分析方法的发展进行了一定的探讨。     

中国钢结构建筑的物质流分析

钢结构建筑因自重较轻、施工方便成为主流的建筑类型,但过去对该产业评估研究较少,缺乏对其资源生产率及环境影响的充分认识。本文选择中国西部、东北和中部地区的15个钢结构建筑设施作为研究对象,利用物质流分析钢结构建筑物质流动过程中输入、输出物质种类和重量,结合钢结构建筑所产生的经济价值,核算其资源生产率,同时对钢结构建筑中钢铁的物质流全过程进行生命周期评价。结果表明：①生产过程中95%的钢铁得到利用,5%成为废钢铁,钢结构建筑中单位建筑面积资源消耗量从高到低排序为矿物、水、氧气、化石能源、生物质,其中东北地区钢结构建筑的矿物质消耗量最大,达到107 kg/m²;②根据钢结构建筑直接输入物质所占比例,西部地区、东北地区、中部地区钢结构建筑资源生产率分别约为692元/t、512元/t、610元/t;③钢结构生命周期对环境影响最大的阶段为钢铁生产阶段;如果考虑循环利用,其环境影响最大出现在钢结构加工阶段,且钢铁循环利用可显著降低钢结构产业的环境影响。依据以上研究结果,东北地区钢结构建筑资源生产效率最低,应提高其资源生产效率,大幅度促进循环利用,实现可持续发展。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence