元代义仓设立的时间与积谷方法考辨

迄今为止,学界对元代义仓的设立时间和积谷方法仍未有一致认识,有着数种不同的看法。本文在重新搜集和审视材料的基础上,对此略作考辨。     

唐五代诗词中“庭院”意象的发展

自汉魏六朝始,"庭院"作为文学意象出现在了诗中,但作品并不多;至晚唐时期,受时代背景影响,"庭院"意象在诗中的运用多了起来。在五代词中"庭院"意象出现的频率则更高。一方面是花间词人写女性的闺阁生活,离不开"庭院"意象的运用;另一方面是南唐两位词人赋予了"庭院"意象更为丰富的内涵,使"庭院"意象在词中形成的意境更为深远,且使词的题材更为广阔,为后世诗人、词人创作提供了新的思路。     

浅谈古代女性与“庭院”的抗争

庭院是我国传统的建筑空间,其空间布局暗合古代传统文化,重门紧锁对养在深闺的古代女性有着强烈的道德束缚与心理暗示。在我国古典文学中,有关"庭院"的诗词意象往往用于儿女情思、闺怨思妇这类创作题材,女性往往被"庭院"幽困于男性作家的代言中。直至清代,随着女性自我意识觉醒,一场"庭院"的突围之战打响了。     

周大风的故乡情怀和茶韵天赋

正周大风(1923-2015),宁波市北仑区大碶人。他作的《采茶舞曲》风靡全国,享誉世界。周大风的茶韵天赋,离不开生他、养他的浙江大地。采茶舞曲出泰顺2016年在G20杭州峰会实景交响音乐会上,第二个演出节目采用了周大风的《采茶舞曲》,300多名采茶姑娘在西子湖翩翩起舞,给来宾留下了对江南、对中国的美好印象。问世50多年来,《采茶舞曲》久演不衰。1983年由联合国教科文组织作为亚太地区优秀民歌保存起来,并被推荐为亚太地区风格的音乐教材;1992年亚运会上,还作为我国运动健儿的入场曲;又作为我国东方红     

风情新市 韵醉天下

新市,古运河畔的一颗明珠,市井风情与人文意蕴交相辉映,城镇建设和社会经济同步发展;那浪漫的民俗、精致的美食、古朴的建筑,依然呈现出无限魅力。     

野草开花

我的老家在西岩山脚下,有一处闲置的院落,每当空闲的时候,我就会回到老家,整理房间,打扫庭院,修剪树枝,拔掉野草,常常把庭院打扫得干干净净,寸草不生。 今年春天,由于学校里的事务繁忙,我回老家的次数少了,自然是满院狼藉。     

西湖荷韵

“毕竟西湖六月中,风光不与四时同。”在江南,六月又俗称“荷月”,这是荷花的节日。荷花生于碧波之中,香远溢清,亭亭净植。从清晨到黄昏,随着光影的转移,变换着无穷的色彩和姿态,因此自古即深受人们的喜爱。自从近千年前柳永吟出“三秋桂子,十里荷花”之后,荷花便占据了一城山色半城湖的杭州,也盛开在历代文人墨客的诗词里,成为西湖故事中永远不败的风景。     

生态田园诗抄

星夜庭院静, 窗前百虫鸣, 偶得歇息处, 叶动听瓜生。     

畲乡莲韵

"接天莲叶无穷碧,映日荷花别样红."在中华各地,在中华各族,莲荷之韵,绵长悠远. 2012年7月,浙江省武义县柳城畲族镇的十里莲花长廊,花开壮观,白的、粉的、红的、淡紫的、间色的,单瓣、复瓣、重瓣、重台、千瓣,异彩纷呈,令人惊叹、陶醉. 莲花花开季节为6月至9月,7月怒放.为把畲乡的莲花打造成亮丽的旅游名片,柳城畲族镇组织当地畲乡艺人,编排颇具民族特色的畲乡风情表演节目,每逢周六、周日以十里莲田构筑舞台,进行表演,吸引了全国各地游客前来赏花品莲和采风、写生、摄影.     

天台宋韵

正宋,以其独树一帜的文化和活力被誉为"东方的文艺复兴时期",在中国文化史上有着承上启下、继往开来的历史地位。天台山儒释道三教圆融并存,在两宋时期达到鼎盛期,这个时期的天台山文化既有对其前文化的继承与吸收,也有其时代自身的推陈与出新,对后世产生了深远的影响。     

Urban regeneration in the context of post-Soviet transformation: Lithuanian experience

Our research concentrates on the countries, which had emerged after the collapse of the Soviet bloc, and the possible distinctive influence of the social and institutional environment of these countries on the process and outcomes of city center regeneration. The theoretical section includes the definition of the main concepts used in our research. First of all the countries undergoing the post-Soviet transformation were defined and then the concept of “urban regeneration” was explained. Here we also distinguished the main features of societies and institutional environment of the post-Soviet countries including the collision of different sets of values and lack of conscious value orientations and value systems, lack of individual initiative and personal responsibility, low level of participation in public domain, tendency towards non-transparent decision making, culture of complaint, climate of mistrust, increasing uncertainty and pessimism. In the section of results we had elaborated and discussed the hypothesis that these features affect the image and treatment of the historic built environment and especially of historic urban centers. Further we distinguish three dimensions – features of urban space, governance structures, and social milieu – and, based on literature and Lithuanian experience, distinguish what features of these dimensions and how make it easier or inhibit the urban regeneration. In the concluding sections we outline the basic findings and further research proposals and present the summary matrix of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of urban regeneration in the context of post-Soviet transformation. The matrix could be useful both for the future research and for the decision making in practice of city center regeneration. From the preset outcomes of our research, we conclude that social and institutional context is crucial in the city center regeneration and in heritage preservation in general and the ideas and principles widespread in Western Europe and the United States cannot be directly and straightforwardly imported into the context of post-Soviet transformation.     

Non-destructive monitoring methods as indicators of damage cause on Cathedral of St. Lawrence in Trogir,Croatia

Durability is one of the most important engineering properties of cultural heritage monuments. For the purpose of the preservation of structures for future generations, the causes of damage should be determined for the proper choice of type and location of strengthening. The condition of the foundation is difficult to determine without an extensive investigation which is critical because most often the cause of damage is found in such foundations. Geotechnical investigation techniques require the damage and destruction of a building's surroundings or the damage of a foundation with a boring device. Non-destructive methods, such as geophysical methods, are less reliable and the results of such investigations must be combined with the results of subsurface exploration. This paper is a presentation of results achieved through the monitoring of the activity of a number of joints on the Cathedral of St. Lawrence in Trogir, Croatia, which is a cultural heritage monument protected by UNESCO. Excavations for the purpose of flagging replacement in the zone around the east frontage were made in 1979. A probe beneath the main apse uncovered a water cistern where the connection between the mid and north apses is located, and instead of a staggered foundation, a wall with a depth of more than 2.2 m beneath the flagging was discovered. With respect to the given that churches were built on existing ones, it is possible to assume that this is a wall of the late-antiquity church described by Constantin Porfirogenet in the 10th century, built on and later adapted to the foundation for the new structure. The displacement in time of the construction elements of the cathedral were measured and recorded using non-destructive methods. Fissure displacement behaviour, air temperature and air humidity were monitored. The monitoring of the air humidity did not lead to any useful conclusion, so it was quickly dismissed. Observations of data were performed during two periods with an interruption between the two caused by insufficient monetary resources. Data from almost 8 years of continuous measuring are available. The aim of this paper is to present the data of the measured fissure displacements which were correlated with air temperature changes and mathematical models which were based on statistical analysis. Correlation coefficients show that the analysed fissures react to the air temperature changes with different intensities. The obtained data lead to the conclusion that the causes of the structural damage are not found within a displacement or failure of the foundations. Instead, the causes of the damage were found in other parts of the structure.     

国际城市文化空间研究现状及思考

国际学术界对城市文化空间的研究自21世纪初才逐渐被学界所重视,相关研究成果较少.近年来,随着不同学科、不同视角的融入,城市文化空间的理论与实践研究内容日趋丰富.为探究国际城市文化空间的文献特征、趋势与研究热点,以1997—2020年"Web of Science核心合集"中4844篇与城市文化空间研究高度相关的论文为基...     

Historical coastal urban landscapes digital documentation and temporal study with 2D/3D modeling functionality: The case of Thessaloniki,Greece

The study refers to the visual representation of the coastal front of the historical center of Thessaloniki in northern Greece and its changes that have occurred through the years. Most of the old town was destroyed by fire on August 18, 1917. A few years later, the French architect and archeologist Ernest Hébrard proposed the reconstruction of the city centre, but his plans were never fully implemented. Since then, a series of interventions changed the form of the old town and consequently the coastal cityscape. The research was initially based on the photogrammetric processing of archive aerial images (1938) of Thessaloniki's city centre. Besides the vertical images, high oblique aerial images dated back to 1932, proved to be a significant source of information. A rich archive of old photographic material, sketches, drawings and gravures of the coastal forehead of the city was also used. Ortho-images of the coastal front, derived from laser scanning (2010), and a 3D model of the historical city center, derived from the stereo photogrammetric process of aerial images (1990), contributed decisively at the multi temporal study of the city front. The main outcomes of the present documentation study are the 3D representation (at scale of 1:200, accuracy 5 cm) of temporal changes of a part of the coastal front of the historical center of Thessaloniki and the 2D representation (at scale 1:100, accuracy 1–2 cm) of these changes with respect to variations on skyline, lacunas, interventions in old buildings, etc.     

Significance of studying the petrography and mineralogy of the geological environment of old rupestrian churches to prevent their deterioration. A case study from the South Carpathians

This paper provides new insights into understanding the causes of deterioration of the Corbii de Piatra rupestrian church and shows the significance of studying the geological environment of historical rock-cut settlements when undertaking preservation and restoration actions. The Corbii de Piatra church is one of the few rupestrian churches remaining in Romania and is an important part of the country's heritage. The church is carved in a stratum of polymictic sandstone of Oligocene age, which is part of the Getic Depression, located in the southern part of the South Carpathians. In the 14th century the interior walls of the church were decorated with mural paintings of a high artistic value. Over the centuries, the church's walls and mural paintings have been negatively affected by a series of physicochemical processes. These processes were studied through field investigations and laboratory analyses carried out between October 2007 and November 2010. The investigations revealed that tectonic fissuring and the structural anisotropy of the rock facilitate the infiltration of meteoric water through the walls into the interior of the church, from north to south, maintaining a high-level of humidity in the northern wall and in the interior of the church. The most harmful effects observed were: (i) the partial hydrolysis of the feldspars through reaction with water from the pores, producing a friable mass of phyllosilicates which led to a superficial disaggregation of the rock and to a diminished cohesion between the rock and the mortar of the fresco, (ii) the reprecipitation of the gypsum as efflorescences on the northern wall and ceiling, covering the mural painting in localized areas, as a result of the transportation of the gypsum by water from the upper strata, (iii) the alteration of the cinnabar pigment, as a result of water penetration by diffusion through the fresco from the wet rock to the pictorial layer (the secondary effect observed being the formation of sulfuric acid, which further reacted with the carbonate from the fresco to form gypsum), (iv) the development of biotic crusts, predominately algal, on the interior wet walls, which, facilitated by the permanent high humidity and the semi-obscurity of the interior of the church, have covered large surfaces of the fresco. Compared to the interior, the exterior vertical walls have been exposed to prolonged daily and seasonal variations of temperature and humidity. These variations have caused repeated variations in the volume of the sandstone, leading to contraction fissuring and peeling of the vertical walls. Any future procedures that might be used to conserve the church should strive to reduce the humidity of the sandstone in the interior walls.     

Competing Quality Conventions in the French Online Display Advertising Market

This paper builds upon an empirical study of suppliers of online advertising space in France in order to highlight the plurality of quality conventions that organize the activity of market intermediaries. We show that the market is organized around two different quality conventions, the ‘media’ convention and the ‘direct-response’ convention, each equipped with specific efficiency indicators, pricing methods and selling channels. Then we focus on the growing conflict of territory between the two conventions; we analyse the balance of power between the conventions and the arenas where they compete. We observe that the collective action of the defenders of the traditional world is not (yet) sufficient to contain the pervasiveness of the indicators and metrics from the world of direct-response.     

Willingness to Pay for Domestic Television Programming

The article describes the application of contingent valuation to estimate the value of the benefits that the Australian community derives from the mandatory transmission of Australian programs by television stations. This application of contingent valuation to estimate cultural benefits offers an insight on the potential for a wider application of the methodology to evaluate cultural policy instruments. The study found that a majority of Australians support regulation of the domestic content of television programs and considers the value of the related benefits to be commensurate with the cost of supplying domestic programming.     

Effectiveness of crystallization inhibitors in preventing salt damage in building materials

Salt crystallization in porous materials constitutes one of the most frequent causes of decay of buildings in a wide range of environments. Up to now no definitive solution exists to limit salt crystallization damage, unless of removing either the salt or the moisture. The possibility of making the process of salt crystallization less harmful by means of crystallization inhibitors has only recently been considered. Crystallization inhibitors are known to delay nucleation and to modify the growth rate of the crystals in bulk solution, but their possible application for the prevention of salt decay in porous material is still controversial.The present paper reports a series of systematic investigations performed on three different materials (a limestone, a sandstone and a brick) contaminated with two types of salt (sodium chloride and sodium sulphate) and two types of inhibitors (sodium-ferrocyanide and diethylenetriaminepentakis methylphosphonic acid). Drying experiments have been performed to study the effect of the inhibitors on the salt solution transport. Accelerated crystallization experiments have investigated the possible consequences of the application of the inhibitor on salt crystallization damage (quantified as material loss).Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) has been used to study how the presence of inhibitors affects the crystallization morphology of salt in the material.The results show that the effect of the inhibitor strongly depends on the type of substrate. NaFeC, when applied on NaCl contaminated limestone and brick was able to enhance the drying and to favour the appearance of efflorescences, whereas the effect on the sandstone was very limited. DTPMP enhanced the drying of Na₂SO₄ laden sandstone, but had no influence on the drying of both brick and limestone. These different have been attributed to the properties of the materials, in particular pore size distribution and composition.The effects of the inhibitor on salt crystallization damage were less evident: no differences in surface damage, quantified as material loss, were observed between specimens with and without inhibitor.     

Unusual differential erosion related to the presence of endolithic microorganisms (Martvili,Georgia)

The presence of a diffuse biodeterioration phenomena can be observed across large areas of the outer surface of the limestone walls of the Church of the Virgin in Martvili. A differential erosion phenomenon was detected, suggesting a possible association with biological colonization. The erosion phenomenon is characterized by a circular discoloration leading progressively to the detachment of flakes of limestone at its center. Since the aforementioned process has not been described in the literature until now, the present study was focused on the interpretation of its origin and evolution. Three sides of the Church are affected by a variety of occurrences of circular differential erosion which display different stages of the process, whereas the western side is affected by epilithic growths across its entire surface. Surveys of the petrographic, mineralogical and physical features of the stone were made, and parameters such as density and porosity were recorded. Samples were analyzed by optical microscopy and SEM analysis in order to detected the presence of microorganisms whose species were then identified by means of morphological and molecular examinations. The study of cross-sections stained using the PAS method has confirmed the causal connection between microorganisms and the deterioration phenomena, providing information about their spread of penetration into the substrate and their substantial potential for causing damage. Dryness appears to be the main ecological condition favoring endolithic rather than epilithic growth. The most common isolated microorganisms were cyanobacteria (Chroococcales) and, to a lesser extent, meristematic fungi. The characteristics of the stone, and especially some endogenous discontinuities related to the accumulation of sedimentary layers and to the action of stone carving tools, might explain why the same differential erosion phenomenon occurs in specific areas of the block stones. The development of the differential erosion phenomenon shows a variety of stages of biological colonization. The progressive evolution of the deterioration process has been observed in detail: (a) firstly, white circular discolorations appear on the stone, which darken over time eventually becoming almost black; (b) circular perforations appear around the perimeter; (c) and finally a flake detaches from the center, leaving a deep depression in the stone.     

Metrological definition and evaluation of some mechanical properties of post-medieval Neapolitan yellow tuff masonry

The knowledge of the morphological and mechanical properties of masonry walls is very important for the refurbishment of ancient buildings, particularly when the requirements of both structural safety and historical preservation must be fulfilled. The masonry is not of homogenous material: its mechanical properties depend on stones, mortar, and texture which are very variable due to their dependence on the historical periods and the geographical area of the erection. For this reason, a deep knowledge of masonries built in different sites and historical periods is essential in order to evaluate both the capacities of bearing vertical load and the seismic vulnerability of the masonry structure. Three fundamental typologies of tuff masonry have been defined: they are the characteristics of different historical periods from the XVI to the XX century. The models are in full-scale in order to reproduce the three defined chronotypes. Original tuff stones quarried in the corresponding historical period, mortars similar to the original ones, reproduced according to ancient documents and original constructive techniques have been used for the construction of the specimens. Compression tests performed in displacement control have been carried out on the masonry models in order to determine the maximum resistance of the material and the corresponding strain, the ultimate strain and corresponding residual strength. In this paper, the procedure used for making the specimens and for experimentally evaluating the mechanical properties of post-medieval Neapolitan yellow tuff masonry are illustrated and the obtained results, even in terms of plastic capacity of these kinds of masonry, are reported.