Pacing pattern and performance during the 2008 Olympic rowing regatta

Abstract

Data from the 2008 Olympic rowing regatta were analysed to determine the time distribution during races and to assess whether pacing patterns differ between heats and the corresponding finals. Absolute and relative sector times for all of the four 500 m race quarters were analysed, for all boats in all heavyweight heats and final races (n=72 boats for men, n=60 boats for women). Irrespective of race type, boat rank or boat type, analyses of variance with repeated measures revealed that absolute times in the second and/or third race quarter(s) were significantly (both sexes: P<0.001) longer than those either in the first or final quarter, resulting in a parabolic-shaped profile. Compared with the heats, the pacing pattern adopted during the finals was significantly different (females: P<0.013; males: P<0.001); that is, relatively slower in the first and second race quarter but relatively faster in the last quarter. The parabolic-shaped race profile indicates an anticipatory control of speed and energy distribution over the course of the 2000-m race. The observed changes in pacing pattern suggest that during the finals a more conservative starting pace is used, which could be physiologically advantageous, because some energy is withheld for the final spurt.     

Progression and variability of competitive performance of Olympic swimmers

Estimates of progression and variability of athletic performance in competitions are useful for researchers and practitioners interested in factors that affect performance. We used repeated-measures mixed modelling to analyse 676 official race times of 26 US and 25 Australian Olympic swimmers in the 12-month period leading up to the 2000 Olympic Games. Progression was expressed as percent changes in mean performance; variability was expressed as the coefficient of variation in performance of an individual swimmer between races. Within competitions, both nations showed similar improvements in mean time from heats through finals (overall 1.2%; 95% confidence limits 1.1 to 1.3%). Mean competition time also improved over 12 months by a similar amount in both nations (0.9%; 95% confidence limits 0.6 to 1.2%). The US swimmers showed a greater improvement between the finals (a difference of 0.5%; 95% confidence limits -0.2 to 1.1%), which paralleled changes in the medal haul of the two nations. The coefficient of variation in performance time for a swimmer between races was 0.60% (95% confidence limits 0.56 to 0.65%) within a competition and 0.80% (95% confidence limits 0.73 to 0.86%) between competitions. Our results show that: (a) to stay in contention for a medal, an Olympic swimmer should improve his or her performance by approximately 1% within a competition and by approximately 1% within the year leading up to the Olympics; (b) an additional enhancement of approximately 0.4% (one-half the between-competition variability) would substantially increase the swimmer's chances of a medal.     

Progression and variability of competitive performance of Olympic swimmers

Estimates of progression and variability of athletic performance in competitions are useful for researchers and practitioners interested in factors that affect performance. We used repeated-measures mixed modelling to analyse 676 official race times of 26 US and 25 Australian Olympic swimmers in the 12-month period leading up to the 2000 Olympic Games. Progression was expressed as percent changes in mean performance; variability was expressed as the coefficient of variation in performance of an individual swimmer between races. Within competitions, both nations showed similar improvements in mean time from heats through finals (overall 1.2%; 95% confidence limits 1.1 to 1.3%). Mean competition time also improved over 12 months by a similar amount in both nations (0.9%; 95% confidence limits 0.6 to 1.2%). The US swimmers showed a greater improvement between the finals (a difference of 0.5%; 95% confidence limits ?0.2 to 1.1%), which paralleled changes in the medal haul of the two nations. The coefficient of variation in performance time for a swimmer between races was 0.60% (95% confidence limits 0.56 to 0.65%) within a competition and 0.80% (95% confidence limits 0.73 to 0.86%) between competitions. Our results show that: (a) to stay in contention for a medal, an Olympic swimmer should improve his or her performance by ～1% within a competition and by ～1% within the year leading up to the Olympics; (b) an additional enhancement of ～0.4% (one-half the between-competition variability) would substantially increase the swimmer's chances of a medal.     

论短道速滑运动员最佳竞技状态的心理特征及培养

短道速滑运动员的心理素质是影响其竞技状态的重要因素。分析运动员表现出最佳竞技状态时的心理特征及其培养措施，有利于提高运动员的心理素质，充分发挥运动员的潜能，使之达到最佳竞技状态。     

对现代奥运会女子田径项目竞技水平发展态势的研究

运用文献资料法、数理统计法、逻辑演绎法对第9届至第28届奥运会女子田径项目的决赛成绩进行了整理、统计，对各项目发展和衰退程度进行了排序，并探讨了技术的改进和完善、训练方法的变革和创新以及器械设备的研制和革新对成绩提高的推动作用。     

雅典奥运会各国田径整体竞技实力的分析

运用媒体评价法和积分评价法,对2004年雅典奥运会田径项目的比赛成绩进行了分析,对各国的田径整体竞技实力给予了客观评价,旨在为训练管理和决策部门制定我国田径发展战略提供参考。     

奥运各项目群体等级区域竞技格局的演变

以项目群体为单位,分析第24~28届奥运会各参赛国各项目成绩,研究各项目群体竞技实力的等级区域构造及其动态变化情况,结果表明,欧洲是构成各项目群体优势区域的重要组成成分,亚洲在制胜类、得分类、评分类项目群体优势区域中占有一席之地,而各项目群体弱势区域的构成是以大洋洲和非洲为主导,各项目群体的优势和弱势区域的漂移主要源自北美洲和南美洲。另外,测量类和评分类项目群体等级区域构造较为稳定,得分类等级区域漂移时有发生。     

对短道速滑战术的探讨

从把握短道速滑项目特点和战术发展规律出发,剖析了短道战术思想、战术意识、战术风格和战术行动对形成自己特有的战术训练体系的意义,并着重阐述了战术意识及行动的特征、形式和实施.     

2016年里约奥运会世界田径格局及竞技实力分析

采用文献资料法和数理统计法,对里约奥运会世界田径格局及竞技实力进行对比分析,结果表明:本届奥运会整体水平较高,各国间的竞技实力趋向于集中性分散,奖牌走势上以美国为首,其他国家相互竞争的良好格局;美国队保证传统项目优势的前提下,个别项目突破明显,几乎无短板;牙买加队依然领跑短距离项目,而中长跑项目以肯尼亚为代表的非洲军团依然强势;中国代表团在本届奥运会上获得2金2银2铜战绩,创造了历史性的突破;未来的田径格局不会发生太大的改变,但局部的竞争依然激烈.     

我国优秀田径运动员竞技能力临场发挥的稳定性

对第11届全运会田径决赛1～8名运动员竞技能力的发挥水平进行了统计分析.结果表明:参加本届比赛运动员竞技能力总体表现出较高的稳定性,发挥水平达101.09%,男女运动员的发挥基本在同一水平上,共有70.83%的运动员正常或超常发挥,29.17%的运动员失常发挥.男女前3名竞技能力的发挥水平明显优于4～8名,即名次愈好其竞技能力发挥水平愈高.不同亚类项群及其分组项目运动员竞技能力的发挥水平具有鲜明的项群特征,发挥水平依大小排序为:耐力性>综合性>速度性>快速力量性;中长距离>超常距离>全能>短跨>跳跃>投掷.耐力性项群竞技能力的发挥最为稳定,快速力量性项群发挥的稳定性最差.不同年龄运动员发挥水平存在着显著差异,而处于最佳竞技发展稳定阶段(24～30岁)的运动员临场发挥具有较高的稳定性.     

中国旅游业实施奥运战略的对策分析

中国作为2008年奥运会的举办国,具有悠久的历史和丰富的旅游资源,应借奥运之机,制定中长期旅游发展战略,推动经济的可持续发展,采取相应措施,解决突出问题,实现旅游业的快速发展。     

第31届奥运会我国奥运军团竞技实力展望

运用文献资料、数理统计、逻辑分析等方法,对我国近七届奥运会的竞赛成绩以及新的奥运周期世界竞技体育格局进行分析,并对我国第31届奥运会的竞技实力进行分析和预测,结果显示:经近7届奥运会我国奥运军团形成了乒乓球、羽毛球、跳水等传统优势项目,游泳、蹦床等新增优势项目,田径、跆拳道、柔道等潜在优势项目的竞技体育发展格局;自第24届奥运会以来我国整体竞技实力不断提升,美国稳居霸主地位,俄罗斯整体实力大幅度下滑,形成了“美中俄”三国鼎立的局面;我国奥运赛场上的优势项目虽保持优势,但整体情况有下滑趋势;游泳、蹦床等项目的整体实力获得重大突破,成为新增优势项目;潜在优势项目和落后项目成绩虽有所突破,但是整体实力相对较弱.     

第29届夏季奥运会我国奥运军团的竞技实力展望

对中国参加历届奥运会的竞赛成绩以及新的奥运备战期世界体坛竞争格局进行分析,并结合奥运会东道主效应来预测第29届夏季奥运会我国奥运军团的竞技实力.结果表明:在奥运会上我国已形成了跳水、射击等7个金牌优势项群;雅典奥运会后美国、俄罗斯等国家调整竞技体育发展战略,强化优势项目,实力强劲反弹;我国优势项目虽保持优势,但面临规则大幅修改和部分优势项目被取消的严峻挑战;潜优势和落后项目成绩虽有突破,但发挥不稳定,没有形成绝对优势.     

奥运会径赛耐力性项群发展历程研究

对历届奥运会田径耐力性项群比赛前3名成绩进行整理、统计,对田径耐力性项群成绩演进历程及递进速度加以定量分析。结果表明：男女各单项成绩的进展速度与该时期训练方法、手段的创新密不可分,并受当时特定的政治经济文化历史背景影响;不同的训练理论和方法给予该项群各单项勾勒出特有的演进轨迹;男女各单项间速度发展是不平衡的,并有着各自的演进特征和发展空间。     

Pacing,packing and sex-based differences in Olympic and IAAF World Championship marathons

The aim of this study was to describe pacing profiles and packing behaviours of athletes in Olympic and World Championship marathons. Finishing and split times were collated for 673 men and 549 women across nine competitions. The mean speeds for each intermediate 5 km and end 2.2 km segments were calculated. Medallists of both sexes maintained even-paced running from 10 km onwards whereas slower finishers dropped off the lead pack at approximately half-distance. Athletes who ran with the same opponents throughout slowed the least in the second half (P < 0.001, men: ES ≥ 1.19; women: ES ≥ 1.06), whereas other strategies such as moving between packs or running alone were less successful. Overall, women slowed less (P < 0.001, ES = 0.44) and were more likely to run a negative split (P < 0.001), and their more conservative start meant fewer women dropped out (P < 0.001). This also meant that women medallists sped up in the final 2.2 km, which might have decided the medal positions. Marathon runners are advised to identify rivals with similar abilities and ambitions to run alongside provided they start conservatively. Coaches should note important sex-based differences in tactics adopted and design training programmes accordingly.     

中美俄20年奥运成绩变化及我国竞技体育战略抉择

运用文献资料、专家调查、数理统计等研究方法,对中国、美国和俄罗斯在第24到29届奥运会上取得的成绩进行了综合分析,并据此提出我国竞技体育的战略抉择.研究认为,体育体制与奥运强国之间、优势项目布局和奥运大国之间均没有必然的联系,基础大项的成绩与奥运强国之间的关系较为密切,三大球项目的成绩对一个国家竞技体育的形象影响较大.后奥运时代,我国应继续坚持和完善举国体制,大力发展传统优势项目,努力发展基础大项和三大球项目,构建"三位一体"的人才培养模式,进一步完善相关法律法规.     

奥运会我国男子获奖项目竞技实力分析

运用文献资料法、数理统计法,对奥运会我国男子获奖项目各等级项目群竞争优势进行分析,找出我国男子第28~30届奥运会获奖项目中的绝对优势项目群、相对优势项目群、潜优势项目群、弱势项目群,分析了各等级项目群上竞争对手实力,为我国第31届奥运会项目布局提供参考。     

北京奥运会后中国竞技体育的发展方向

根据中国当前竞技体育的发展现状以及影响中国竞技体育发展的因素,提出北京奥运会后中国竞技体育的发展趋势及建议.     

Sleep restriction and degraded reaction-time performance in Figaro solo sailing races

Abstract

In solo offshore sailing races like those of the Solitaire du Figaro, sleep must be obtained in multiple short bouts to maintain competitive performance and safety. Little is known about the amount of sleep restriction experienced at sea and the effects that fatigue from sleep loss have on sailors’ performance. Therefore, we assessed sleep in sailors of yachts in the Figaro 2 Beneteau class during races and compared response times on a serial simple reaction-time test before and after races. Twelve men (professional sailors) recorded their sleep and measured their response times during one of the three single-handed races of 150, 300 and 350 nautical miles (nominally 24–50 h in duration). Total estimated sleep duration at sea indicated considerable sleep insufficiency. Response times were slower after races than before. The results suggest that professional sailors incur severe sleep loss and demonstrate marked performance impairment when competing in one- to two-day solo sailing races. Competitive performance could be improved by actively managing sleep during solo offshore sailing races.     

雅典奥运会中国女排快攻战术分析

对2004年雅典奥运会女子排球赛中国、俄罗斯、古巴等参赛队的最佳扣球手快攻战术和扣球手的扣球成功率进行比较分析.结果表明:中国女子排球队最佳扣球手的快攻战术扣球的成功率高于俄罗斯、古巴;"快速多变"的战术是中国女子排球队夺冠的重要因素.