Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Its Pedagogical Implications for Idiom Teaching

The paper attempts to start from the cognitive linguistic view and explore teaching methods of English idioms by using the conceptual metaphor theory.It aims to analyze the following three teaching methods:building idiom teaching on the analysis of conceptual metaphor,categorizing the source domain of conceptual metaphor,comparing the similarities and differences between metaphors of Chinese and English.Through the above analysis,the paper arrives at the conclusion that conceptual metaphor knowledge is an important premise for the deep understanding of English idioms and that teachers need help students heighten their sense of conceptual metaphors so as to better understand and memorize English idioms.     

Making sense of teaching through metaphors: a review across three studies

The purpose of this paper is to synthesize findings from three studies that have addressed the conceptualization and application of the metaphor construct to the study of teachers and teaching. With respect to the perspectives of elementary and secondary preservice teachers, we specifically examined how the particular metaphors they used indicated conceptualizations of and orientations to classroom life, and how these metaphors influenced teachers' approaches to teaching, curriculum, and their work with pupils. We frame the discussion in light of the larger literature on the relationship of teachers' beliefs and practices as it relates to learning to teach and teacher education. The paper provides implications for linking the research reported with contemporary ideas for teaching and teacher preparation.     

英汉"人是物体"概念隐喻的对比分析

认知语言学认为,隐喻是普遍存在的,是人类的一种认知工具。语言中遍布的隐喻表达是由于人类概念系统中存在着概念隐喻,但不同文化中的概念隐喻是否相同需要跨文化的研究。语料表明在英汉中都存在"人是物体"这个概念隐喻,而对比由此衍生出来的隐喻表达,可以为概念隐喻提供跨文化方面的依据,并为一词多义现象提供了合理的解释,这对语言的教与学都有帮助。     

Functions of Metaphor in Teaching and Teacher Education: A review essay

This article reviews the pertinent research literature on metaphors in teaching and teacher education. The main purpose is to explore these metaphors as evidences of prospective and practicing teachers' reasoning about teaching, learning, and schooling. The current review is organized around the major functions of metaphor in education. In this way, it is intended to contribute to the existing scholarly research in the field of teaching and teacher education stemming largely from metaphor analysis. The present essay discusses 10 distinct functions of metaphor in education and provides illustrative studies for each function. It strongly argues for the inclusion of various educational metaphors in teacher education programs because of their functional benefits.     

Pedagogical Perspectives and Practices Reflected in Metaphors of Learning and Digital Learning of ICT Leaders

This study examines the meaning attributed to the contribution of technology to pedagogical practices from the perspective of school ICT leaders. While previous studies use metaphors for bottom-up exploration, this study employs an innovative combination of bottom-up and top-down metaphor analysis based on two frameworks: (a) metaphors of general learning (Paavola, Lipponen, & Hakkarainen, 2004)—acquisition, participation, and knowledge creation, and (b) metaphors of digital learning (Shamir-Inbal & Blau, 2016)—toolbox, active player, creative mind, shared desktop, and inter-connected world. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 ICT leaders, including eight elementary school ICT coordinators and five regional ICT coordinators. All three metaphors of general learning and five digital learning metaphors were found in perspectives and pedagogical practices reported by the interviewees. However, the prevalence of each metaphor and the intersections of general and digital learning metaphors were quite different. The analysis based on metaphors shed light on the perspectives of ICT leaders regarding the meaning and nature of learning processes and on pedagogical practices in their schools.     

Metaphors as structures for elementary and secondary preservice Teachers’ thinking

This study sought to describe the metaphors entry level preservice teachers bring with them as they begin a teacher education program. One hundred thirty four (134) students certifying in elementary education and 119 students certifying in secondary education completed a questionnaire designed to capture the metaphors they hold on life, children, and teaching. Secondary preservice teachers were more likely to write their own metaphors of life and childhood than their elementary counterparts. No one from the elementary group created his/her own metaphor for life and childhood, while nearly 31% of the secondary group created a metaphor of life, childhood, or both. The metaphors students created to describe teaching revealed four dominant themes: teaching as guiding, teaching as nurturing, teaching as stimulating, and teaching as telling. The chapter closes with a discussion of implications for how changes to the cognitive structure of students’ metaphor entailment patterns occur over time.     

Establishing a method for analysing metaphors in higher education teaching: a case from business management teaching

ABSTRACT

It has been suggested that metaphors have a crucial influence on the way we perceive and construct the world. As a result, metaphor analysis has been used as a way to reveal, analyse and understand conceptions of teaching in higher education. This paper introduces a different way to analyse metaphors for teaching than the ones previously used in higher education. By focusing on temporarily stable, spontaneously uttered metaphors in conversation data, the unfiltered metaphors for teaching are analysed. Through a thorough analysis of eight interviews with lecturers from business management, it is established how teaching in this context is conceptualised as a vehicle on tracks and as having levels as well as depth and width. It is discussed how the identified metaphors open up a space of possibilities for the lecturers and to what extent these results can be generalised beyond this context.     

Varieties of work related learning

Based on 30 interviews with and observations of professionals, 5 prototypical metaphors of learning are described and related to existing theories about learning. Two of the metaphors were previously described by Sfard: the acquisition and participation metaphors. As well, three new metaphors were found: the discovery metaphor, the apperception metaphor and the exercising metaphor. In an initial study, a newly devised questionnaire was tested with 713 elementary teachers, 92 principals and 33 support people. The five learning metaphors could be distinguished and proved to be reliable, although improvements were necessary. The correlations between the scales were as expected. Meaningful relations were found with the variables of the educational system, age, experience and educational level. In a second study, a revised questionnaire was tested with 556 professionals from 12 different organisations. The five learning metaphors proved to be more reliable than in the first study. The correlations between the scales were in line with expected patterns of correlations: implicit, explicit and social preferences correlated more with each other than with the other preferences. The expected differences between organisations, professions and groups were apparent and could be interpreted meaningfully. The discussion describes the practical use of the metaphors and suggestions for further research.     

英语听力理解中的隐喻分析

随着社会对英语人才的要求不断提高以及英语教学的改革与发展．听说教学越发成为英语教学的重心。影响听说能力的因素很多,本文主要从认知语言学视角下的隐喻理论入手,分析隐喻对听力理解的影响,并指出在英语听力教学中应重视培养学生的隐喻分析能力,从而使学生能快速理解听力教学与听力测试中出现的隐喻,提高学生的听力理解水平。     

Using Metaphorical Models for Describing Glaciers

To date, there has only been little conceptual change research regarding conceptions about glaciers. This study used the theoretical background of embodied cognition to reconstruct different metaphorical concepts with respect to the structure of a glacier. Applying the Model of Educational Reconstruction, the conceptions of students and scientists regarding glaciers were analysed. Students' conceptions were the result of teaching experiments whereby students received instruction about glaciers and ice ages and were then interviewed about their understandings. Scientists' conceptions were based on analyses of textbooks. Accordingly, four conceptual metaphors regarding the concept of a glacier were reconstructed: a glacier is a body of ice; a glacier is a container; a glacier is a reflexive body and a glacier is a flow. Students and scientists differ with respect to in which context they apply each conceptual metaphor. It was observed, however, that students vacillate among the various conceptual metaphors as they solve tasks. While the subject context of the task activates a specific conceptual metaphor, within the discussion about the solution, the students were able to adapt their conception by changing the conceptual metaphor. Educational strategies for teaching students about glaciers require specific language to activate the appropriate conceptual metaphors and explicit reflection regarding the various conceptual metaphors.     

认知视域下英语商业新闻标题隐喻研究———基于 China Daily 的研究

隐喻分为方位隐喻、本体隐喻和结构隐喻,以China Daily商业新闻标题为语料,探索人们在经济领域的认知规律.研究结果表明：在英语商业新闻领域中,结构隐喻运用范围最广,是人们理解商业领域概念的重要手段.方位隐喻包括up-down隐喻;本体隐喻包括容器隐喻和人体隐喻;结构隐喻则包含战争隐喻、交通隐喻、天气隐喻、医疗隐喻和饮食隐喻.在同类型隐喻中,“up”隐喻、“eye”隐喻和“war”隐喻分别占据主导地位,突显商业领域中人们更关注“向上”趋势,时刻保持“敏锐的洞察力”以及“商场如战场”的竞争理念.     

从文化差异的视角探讨外语教学的隐喻翻译问题

文章以文化与语言、文化与隐喻的关系为切入点,首先从文化差异的视角,通过比较英、汉、蒙三种语言的隐喻表达的异同,重点分析了文化对隐喻翻译的影响问题。其次,对字面意思与隐喻意义的关系,翻译的不确定性,隐喻的可改述性和隐喻的可译性等隐喻翻译的若干问题展开了讨论。最后建议在保持多元文化的同时为了避免文化冲突现象的发生,在外语教学中既要强调隐喻所呈现的中西方文化的差异,同时有必要在汉族与其他少数民族或少数民族之间的在隐喻所体现的文化差异方面进行更深层次的研究和探索,这对我国外语教学有一定的启示。     

英汉语言差异在哲学作品隐喻翻译中的应用——以《论等待》里的句子隐喻为例

隐喻在语言中广泛存在。笔者根据On Waiting一书的翻译实践,指出隐喻翻译在哲学作品翻译中的突出地位,引入隐喻及相关翻译理论,结合英汉语言的特点与差异,从句子这一意义单位入手,利用钱钟书隐喻的两柄多边理论,从原著有关等待的隐喻中选取三种类比隐喻,探讨句子隐喻的翻译方法。进而指出不同民族大量隐喻的文化重合现象,翻译时应保留原形象以直观重现本、喻体间的关联,并尊重译入语特点实现译作的流畅性、趣味性、可读性与感染力。     

Extended metaphors for pedagogy: using sameness and difference

This article looks at the use of extended metaphor in teaching. Our case studies as two teachers using metaphor in different settings show how metaphor is experienced by learners to different pedagogical effect. The article demonstrates that metaphor can be used not only for the similarity between vehicle and target systems, but also for the difference. In the subject of electronics, extended metaphor (water, waves and webs) scaffolds learning by merit of the similarity of the vehicle system to the target. However, when teaching doctoral students to improve their writing skills, extended metaphor exploits the difference between vehicle and target. In this case the frustration of academic challenge is defused by using metaphors that are homely and ordinary in contrast to the formal academic genre of thesis writing. Our experience in using metaphors to teach provides support for the theory that they may be monistic (forgotten once they have fulfilled the pedagogical scaffolding task) or dualistic (remembered because both systems remain in play). The article prompts other higher education teachers to more consciously consider the potential of metaphor as a pedagogical aid.     

Consequences of personal teaching metaphors for teacher identity and practice

Past research has clearly indicated that teachers’ metaphors can serve as a framework that moves our understanding of teaching forward by making more explicit the intuitive knowledge teachers hold about themselves, their classrooms, and their practice. Making explicit how metaphors uncover the understandings that guide the practices of in-service teachers, individually and collectively, can provide insight into the assumptions they hold about teaching and teaching practice. The purpose of this study was to explore how in-service teachers’ self-constructed metaphors revealed their perceptions of their roles, obligations, and assumptions about teaching and learning, and consider the implications of such exploration for teacher education and development. The four experienced teachers who participated in this study constructed personal teaching metaphors for which they provided an explanation. Analysis of the metaphors using positioning theory provided evidence that teaching metaphors capture the individual identity and specify the plotlines of teaching and the obligations, duties, and responsibilities of the teacher as well as the role of the teacher and others in the teacher’s practice. We found that each metaphor brought elements of identity and teaching practice together in unique and divergent ways. A subsequent cross-case analysis revealed common discourses of teaching: responsibility, nurturing, and caring, and teacher and student learning. Both the individual and cross-case analysis suggest the potential value of metaphor work for informing teacher education and professional development to advise teachers, teacher educators, school leaders, and policy makers.     

Relationships between metaphors,beliefs, and actions in a context of science curriculum change

This study is an interpretive investigation of Sarah, a first-time teacher of middle- and high-school science who, because of high levels of disruption, was unable to establish and maintain environments favorable to learning. Sarah reflected on her roles as a teacher and identified facilitating learning, management, and assessment as salient, each being associated with defining metaphors and belief sets. Sarah's efforts to improve her teaching began with the construction of a new metaphor, the social director, for her role as manager. She developed coherence between the new metaphor and beliefs about constructivism, teaching, and learning. Sarah then managed her class in accordance with the social director metaphor and, although improvements were apparent, some students were uncooperative. Sarah then changed her metaphor for assessment from the teacher being a fair judge to the teacher looking through a window into a student's mind, an opportunity for students to show what is known. When this metaphor guided Sarah's assessment practices the learning environment improved appreciably. Although the development of new metaphors was a significant part of the process of reconceptualizing her roles as a science teacher, Sarah could not have improved the quality of teaching and learning without substantial assistance from her colleagues and school administrators.     

浅议汉语歌词中隐喻的语言特色

在所有的隐喻语言使用中,歌词隐喻是最值得一提的。它不仅是口语隐喻的升华,也是文学隐喻的平民化,它兼有两者的优点又别具风格,堪称隐喻语言的一朵奇葩。具体分析歌词隐喻的语言特色及其与其他隐喻语言之不同之处,意在为歌词隐喻的理解和分析创造一新的视角。     

‘Teacher as Professional’ as Metaphor: What it Highlights and What it Hides

This article is concerned with the downsides of using the language of professionalism in educational discourse. It suggests that the language of professionalization can be a powerful rhetorical device for promoting welcome and necessary changes in the field of teaching but that, in doing so, it can unintentionally misrepresent the work that teachers do. Taking as a theoretical framework Lakoff and Johnson's metaphor theory, the article argues that ‘teacher as professional’ should be seen as a metaphor of teaching on par with other metaphors familiar from the history of educational thought. What metaphors of teaching have in common, the article advances, is that they systematically highlight certain aspects of teaching while hiding others. The significance of this conclusion is twofold. Appreciating the limits of the ‘teacher as professional’ metaphor provides guidance about how to use more effectively ‘professionalism’ as a normative standard for promoting change in teaching and teacher education. Second, appreciating the metaphorical character of ‘teacher as professional’ has heuristic value in that it offers a novel explanation for the controversial trend towards conceptualising teaching in narrowly instructional terms.     

从概念隐喻角度探析大学英语词汇教学

概念隐喻普遍存在于人类的语言中,是人类用某一领域的经验来说明或理解另一类领域经验的认知活动。其跨域映射的认知机制为大学英语词汇教学提供了新视角：教师在教授英语词汇时可以对隐喻性词义进行分析,引导学生在阅读中自主地构建概念隐喻,加强英汉概念隐喻文化内涵的认知。