《封神演义》与《荷马史诗》中的女性群像

《封神演义》与《荷马史诗》（包括《伊利亚特》和《奥德修记》）是风格迥异的作品,然而它们也存在着很多相似之处。其中,作品中对女性都有不同侧面的描写,体现的都是女性在人类社会早期男性话语架构下的地位,即：以男权为中心的社会背景下,女性既由于原始的性别魅力为男性所敬畏;同时又由于女性社会地位的低下而导致的附属性和奴性。事实上,通过三部作品中对女性群像描写的分析比较,揭示出的是东西方早期社会对女性的相似的价值观和民族审美意识。     

普适性话语遮蔽下的悖论——《尘埃落定》的女性主义解读

对于《尘埃落定》的创作,阿来声称其所追求的是"一种普遍的眼光、普遍的历史感和普遍的人性指向"。然而透过貌似客观公允的新历史主义的创作,可以看出作品中的女性都是不完美的、病态的,她们的命运是直接依附于男性而为其左右的,并随时准备着为伟大的男性事业作出牺牲,作者仍然没有摆脱男性中心的传统社会道德观念,而将女性这一社会主体他者化。作者的普适性关怀是不彻底的,这就使得该作品的普适精神大打折扣,难免为人诟病。     

“恶棍”与“英雄”——从形象学角度解读谭恩美笔下的男性形象

谭恩美作为华裔文学的畅销作家创作了一系列深受读者喜爱的作品。《喜福会》、《接骨师之女》以及《灶神之妻》等作品都围绕着女性的故事展开,其中也不乏对华人男性和美国男性的刻画。但总体而言,谭恩美笔下的华人男性总是以负面的、"恶棍"式的形象展示于读者眼前,而美国男性则多以正面的、"英雄"般的形象出现。从比较文学形象学出发,对谭恩美作品中的男性形象进行解读,可从"他者"中反观到作者自身。     

谭恩美对女性的关注及其“根”情结

作为华裔美国文学的领军人物之一,谭恩美更关注女性以及华裔美国人与故国的紧密联系。她的三部作品《喜福会》、《灶神之妻》、《百种神秘感》都凸显了关心女性命运、生存状况、探索女性出路等方面的主题。作品都聚焦于女性人物,男性人物只是作为陪衬出现。作品探讨了上下两代人之间、母女由矛盾冲突的主要原因;同时,她的作品也描写了第一代、第二代华裔美国移民对中国那种微妙复杂,剪不断、理还乱的感情。     

《挪威的森林》中的男性叙述与女性形象

《挪威的森林》是一部男性话语的叙述作品,在其对女性形象的塑造和描述中体现了作者的女性观。以往的评论者往往忽视《森林》中男性话语霸权中的女性形象问题,忽略其美好的女性形象代表了男性对于女性角色的期待。而在直子和绿子的选择中所暴露了男性叙述者的男性中心主义倾向。     

《儿子与情人》和《虹》中男性权威的解构

D.H.劳伦斯在作品中塑造了很多经典的女性人物,然而评论界认为劳伦斯作品中有着明显的父权主义思想。本文以劳伦斯的前期之作《儿子与情人》和《虹》中的两位男性瓦尔特·莫瑞尔和威尔·布朗文为出发点,分析劳伦斯作品中男性权威的解构,从而揭示出男性也是父权体制下的牺牲品。     

对男性身份焦虑问题的思考——艾丽丝·门罗作品中的丈夫和父亲们

诺贝尔文学奖得主艾丽丝·门罗(Alice Munro)对男性的探讨虽少于对女性的观照,但她的作品绝不拘泥于描述家庭生活中自我身份迷失的女性群体,她笔下的男性也不是千人一面的父权形象。通过选取门罗不同时期的作品——《快乐影子舞》《我一直想要告诉你的事》《爱的进程》《幸福过了头》《亲爱的生活》,结合瑞文·康纳尔的男性气质理论,试图剖析门罗作品里的两性关系和代际关系中的男性形象,并探讨门罗对男性身份焦虑问题的思考,以期更全面地洞悉门罗包容而辩证的性别观。     

坚冰下的暗流:《水浒传》女性意识的觉醒

《水浒传》塑造了七十多位女性人物形象。与那些侠肝义胆的男性人物相比,这些女性人物黯然失色。这一现象引起了历来研究者的兴趣,他们纷纷撰写文章讨论之,故见诸于报刊的论文多矣。综观这些成果,大家的思路基本一致,即认为《水浒传》的作者是蔑视、轻视女性的,从而将《水浒传》看作是一个反女性的典型文本。如果我们放眼于男性掌握话语权的中国古代文学,就会发现《水浒传》从一个侧面反映了女性意识的觉醒。《水浒传》中的女性多为“红颜祸水”,男性英雄不近女色,以及男性对女性的大肆杀戮,都体现出男性是社会的主宰。然而女性对人性、对爱情的追求和家庭地位的提高,犹如坚冰下的潺潺流水,昭示着其自身主体性的觉醒。     

女人,不再沉默——试论《水浒传》中潘金莲的形象

《水浒传》是我国文学史上唯一一部描写农民起义的长篇小说,其艺术成就,最突出地表现在英雄人物的塑造上。然而值得关注的是,这部作品中但凡光辉夺目的形象几乎都是男性,作品中的女性形象显得苍白无力而缺乏血肉,有的甚至不像是活生生的人。相比之下,只有作为反面人物出场的潘金莲形象显得丰满、夺目的多。     

托妮·莫里森《天堂》的女性主义内涵

《天堂》是一部内涵丰富的作品,莫里森在这部作品里挑战了父权制社会,向我们预示了以男性为中心的意识形态必然走向衰亡的趋势,指出天堂应超越种族和性别,男人应该尊重女性,与女性一起共同建立和谐幸福的人间天堂。     

Women and Leisure in Feminist Fiction

Leisure–defined as a state of mind characterized by feelings of freedom, pleasure, and growth–is employed as a vehicle for examining changing women's roles in feminist fiction. Such fiction suggests that many women experience a dearth of leisure in the traditional roles of wife, homemaker, and mother. Women who assume these roles more often view their lives as dominated by antileisure, that is, by activity undertaken compulsively, as a means to an end, and from a perception of necessity. In the novels chosen for consideration, a pattern emerges. The sequence of getting married, making a home, and having children means an increasing abridgement of leisure for women, while this same sequence results in an increasing realization of leisure for men. The recurring theme in this literature is that women, like men, have compelling leisure needs which may take them beyond the bounds of homemaking and child-rearing.     

中学生性别角色观的性别差异

性别角色观是指人们对男女性别角色的总的看法,是一种有关性别角色的价值观。本文采用问卷调查的方法,对430名中学生的性别角色观进行了研究,结果发现:(1)男女性别角色正价特质排在第一位的分别是勇敢和漂亮;负价特质排在第一位的分别是虚伪和自私;(2)男女生均认为勇敢、幽默、善良、浪漫、阳光帅气是男性的正价特质,但是在阳光帅气这一特质上有显著的性别差异;男女生均认为漂亮、大方、温柔、可爱、体贴、自信、细心、善良是女性的正价特质,此外,女生的正价特质中,男生认为还有纯洁和真诚,女生认为还有孝顺和亲和力;(3)男女生均认为虚伪、自负、自私、女性化强、奸诈、迂腐、自夸和斤斤计较是男性的负价特质,此外,女生的负价特质中,男生认为还有傲慢和霸道,女生认为还有懦弱和无能;男女生都认为自私、虚伪、势力、自大、斤斤计较、炫耀是女性的负价特质,且自私在男女生中均排在第一位。(4)年级对性别角色影响的卡方检验结果显示初中生和高中生的性别角色观没有显著差异,但是不同年级在性别角色特质选择的频数中可以看出:初中生与高中生皆将勇敢作为男性正价特质的第一位,但是初中生较高中生而言更不喜欢男生懦弱,高中生较初中生而言更不喜欢男生女性化强;高中生和初中生都不喜欢女生自私,但是高中生比初中生更看重女生的漂亮、大方、温柔。     

Doing men's work?: discipline,power and the primary school in Taiwan

This article examines the masculinization of discipline and its interplay with power in the primary school through an exploration of teachers' gender and disciplinary work and roles by drawing on data from an ethnographic study conducted at a primary school in Taiwan. The research findings suggest that discipline was men's work due to women distancing themselves from discipline, the physical advantages of men and masculinity, and parental expectations. However, negative feelings and pressure towards disciplining were also revealed by men. This research evidence also indicates women were, or could be, as tough disciplinarians as men. More importantly, the masculinization of disciplining work and roles was linked to male domination in power. The teacher workplace culture may help to explain discipline as men's work and power as gendered.     

谁的名字是弱者?--《荆棘鸟》中的女人们

本文分析了《荆棘鸟》中三个女人形象：菲、麦琪、贾斯丁祖孙三代，并试从作女儿、作爱人、作母亲三个方面论述了女人和男人的关系。同时指出在生活的艰难历程中，女人始终是以一个强者的身份站在男人身边。女人的弱者名称仅仅是男人对女人狭隘的认识和男权文化的反映。     

Reflections on mainstreaming gender equality in adult basic education programmes

This article is about mainstreaming gender equality in adult basic learning and education (ABLE). Gender equality is defined as equal rights of both women and men to influence, participate in and benefit from a programme. It is argued that specific gender analyses of emerging patterns of gender relations is helpful in formulating gender equality objectives and strategies of ABLE programmes. Both female and male roles and motivations are important to understand. The consequences of poverty and unemployment for men, as well as women, need to be addressed in gender sensitive ABLE strategies so that, at the same time as women are empowered, men get a chance to regain a meaningful role in society without regressing to old partiarchal attitudes.     

The Ideal Worker or the Ideal Father: Organizational Structures and Culture in the Gendered University

While literature has focused on the ways in which organizational structures exclude women from the workplace, this article suggests that the inverse is also true: organizational structures and culture prevent men from being involved in the home. Using theories of gendered organizations as a guide, this article draws on interviews with 70 faculty fathers at four research universities to explore the tension that many men feel navigating their responsibilities in the home while simultaneously aiming to fulfill the norms of the ideal worker, which holds that employees are always available to perform work and have few responsibilities in the home. Data suggest that institutions and those within them penalize men who appear too committed to their families. Some participants crafted identities for themselves that separated their roles as professor and father while others struggled to reconcile their two roles. In short, institutional structures and culture play a critical role in shaping faculty identity, both on and off-campus.     

Assessing the gender climate of an evangelical student subculture in the United States

This study explored the gendered experiences of students belonging to an evangelical Christian religious community on a university campus in the United States. As some religious traditions harbour distinctive views on gender differences and roles, the study focused on community characteristics that pertained to beliefs about gender and the behaviours that emanated from those beliefs. The findings revealed that the community was defined by masculine norms, the endorsement of essential gender differences and separate roles for men and women with respect to leadership, modesty and dating/marriage. Suggestions for improving the conditions for women in religious groups and the broader college campus are discussed.     

影响侗族传统生育行为和生育观中的因素分析

性别作为人类学理论分析的一种话语,划分了男女两性之间的差别,社会又赋予了两性不同的性别角色,使之具有了与性别相适应的行为规范.在传统社会中,男性都被赋予了养育家庭的责任,而女性则被赋予了生育的责任,在这种行为规范的影响下,人们的生育行为和生育观出现了很大的差异.对于处于中国西南部的侗族村寨,在这种社会性别规范下的生育行为和生育观,又有着自己的特色.造成这种差异的原因,主要有经济、文化和政治等几方面的因素.只有对影响其生育行为和生育观的因素进行根本性改革,才能扭转当地的生育现状,使其符合国家的政策和要求.     

The decreased popularity of the teaching sector in the 1970s

In the 1970s, the proportion of male college freshmen who planned to become teachers dropped from 15% to 3%, and that of female freshman from 45% to 12%. In this paper, I use nationally representative survey data on the career plans of college freshmen to look at the roles played by increased access to fertility controls and the unionization of the teaching sector, in the decline in the popularity of the teaching sector during this period. I find that the overall impact of these factors on men was small and insignificant, whereas early legal access to contraceptives increased women’s likelihood of planning to become teachers. Looking at the actual career outcomes of the same cohorts in the census data, I find that access to the pill had a negative impact on the share of men in teaching and positive impact on the share of women. I use information on high school grades and college selectivity in the freshmen surveys to separate students by academic ability in the analysis. I find that unionization had a negative impact on plans to become teachers among high-ability men and low-ability women. Increased access to the pill had a negative impact on the share of low-ability men who planned to teach and a positive impact on the share among low- and medium-ability women.     

女性主义视野下的社会性别角色

男女性别角色和性别分工差异是由社会文化建构的。传统文化对男女两性角色的分配,实际上存在着性别歧视。提出"社会性别"这一概念对解释后天社会文化养成的可以改变的男女角色和领域划分都具有积极的理论意义和现实意义,也可为现代社会的和谐发展和妇女的自身进步等研究提供一种新的视角。