基于结构洞理论的在线学术社交用户中间人角色分析

[研究目的]为了探究学术网络成员所处的位置、特征及所扮演的角色对于网络内知识获取、传播所产生的影响,帮助学术社交网站有效提升学术和社交的双重价值,推动在线学术交流有效性的提升。[研究方法]基于结构洞理论中的网络测量体系和中间人角色构建分析框架,以最常用学术社交网站ResearchGate上的用户数据为分析样本,通过问卷调研,随机志愿者数据抓取、个体网络分区、中间人角色运算,以及深度访谈,获得相关的角色信息及其所处的网络位置对科研信息传播的影响。[研究结论]研究结果主要集中在以下3个方面：结构洞的数量与信息控制之间有着正相关关系,而数量的多寡在不同学科领域中并未有太多差异,主要与学术身份相关;相比于讲师/博士后/博士生用户,结构洞对教授/副教授的影响更为显著;不同中间人角色在学术信息交流中所产生的作用各异,其相对应的角色承担者表现出一定的匹配规律,主要与用户的教学科研需求和社交习惯有关。     

组织创新网络中的中间人角色及其影响因素——以中国制药技术领域为例

 借鉴Gould和Fernandez的中间人分类方法,基于专利合作数据分析了中国制药技术领域组织创新网络中的中间人角色及其影响因素,讨论了中间人角色的转变路径以及组织创新网络的演变模式。结果表明：组织创新网络中的中间人主要是协调人、守门人和代理人,顾问和联络人较少;不同性质及不同区域的组织中间人角色存在较大差异。组织知识基础、吸收能力与组织所属区域知识基础对组织创新网络中的中间人角色及其转变路径有较大影响,不同的中间人在组织创新网络演变的不同阶段发挥不同作用。     

基于社交媒体弱关系的跨学科相关知识组合识别

[目的/意义]大科学时代,跨学科合作日趋普遍,准确把握跨学科相关知识配对成为跨学科合作研究的前提。基于学术社交媒体弱关系结构识别跨学科相关知识组合,一方面有利于科研人员选择跨学科研究方向;另一方面也是对科学文献数据识别结果的补充。[方法/过程]以科学网为样本来源,以图书情报学科为例进行实证研究。首先,通过用户好友链接关系,构建目标学科用户—跨学科好友用户关系网络;其次,基于学者博文筛选能够代表学者主要研究对象、问题或方法的研究主题作为知识节点,基于好友关系构建目标学科知识节点—跨学科相关知识弱关系网络;最后,构建合作潜力模型,识别最佳跨学科相关知识配对。[结果/结论]识别发现“高被引论文—生态学理论”“科研合作—波士顿矩阵”等是图书情报学跨学科合作知识组合,并分析它们的合作可能性与合作方向,验证模型的可行性与有效性。     

基于多路径分析的跨学科潜在知识组合识别——以引文分析领域为例

[目的/意义]在提倡“文理交叉”的新文科建设背景下,识别跨学科潜在知识组合,并分析其合作方案的可行性,对于把握跨学科创新方向、推动学科转型与交叉融合具有重要意义。[方法/过程]基于多路径分析和全文知识提取,构建跨学科潜在知识组合合作潜力识别模型,从路径连通性、平衡性、有效潜在路径数三方面反映两知识的合作潜力,并以图书情报学“引文分析”领域为例,全文提取2016—2020年研究文献及其跨学科参考文献关键词进行实证分析。[结果/结论]实证表明,该模型能够通过多组已形成知识路径识别平衡性较好的跨学科潜在知识组合,并发现“引文网络—技术跨越”“相似度分析—激活函数”“聚类分析—扩散曲线”等识别结果具有理论合作可行性和实际应用价值。     

基于生命周期理论的跨学科知识生长点识别——以引文分析领域为例

[目的/意义]随着跨学科研究不断深入,识别并分析跨学科知识生长点的生命周期,对于把握学科发展现状、未来趋势和跨学科规律具有重要意义。[方法/过程]改变以往以文献作者标注关键词、题名摘要抽取关键词为研究对象的方式,通过对目标学科文献与跨学科参考文献进行全文分词,构建跨学科知识生长点识别模型,全面分析知识节点的影响力与共现强度,识别并分析跨学科知识生长点所处生命周期的不同阶段,并以图书情报学“引文分析”领域为例,全文提取2016—2020年研究文献及其跨学科参考文献关键词进行实证分析。[结果/结论]引文分析领域不同生命周期的跨学科知识生长点具有不同特点：形成期不稳定生长;成长期创新发展能力较强,且外来知识主要来源于计算机科学;成熟期合作紧密,其中“社会网络分析”是最稳定的外来知识。     

动能理论视角下跨学科知识生长点成长态势分析——以图书情报领域为例

[目的/意义]知识通过跨学科引用输入目标学科,与目标学科知识合作产生跨学科知识生长点,刺激知识创新与生长。衡量跨学科知识生长点成长态势,有利于分析学科知识的交叉与融合、继承与创新,把握学科发展方向与进展。[方法/过程]文章基于动能理论与引文分析方法,提出输入推动力概念,从生长质量和传播速度两个方面构建跨学科知识生长点动能模型,测度跨学科知识生长点成长态势,并以图书情报领域为例进行实证分析。[结果/结论]研究发现,热点知识更容易受输入知识刺激生成跨学科知识生长点,并根据生长质量、传播速度和动能将跨学科知识生长点划分为成熟型、传播型和生长型三类。     

跨学科引用对知识生长的刺激作用与程度分析——以图书情报学为例

[目的/意义]探究跨学科引用对知识生长的刺激作用,识别跨学科引用有效促进知识生长的研究主题,对把握跨学科研究规律和方向具有重要意义。[方法/过程]文章从跨学科引用率、跨学科引用多样性、跨学科引用集中度3个方面构建跨学科引用度模型反映跨学科引用程度,构建主题研究热度模型反映知识生长,用相关性分析方法测度跨学科引用刺激知识生长的作用与程度,并以2001—2020年图书情报学前沿和稳定型热点研究主题为例进行实证分析。[结果/结论]跨学科引用对知识生长具有积极作用,并根据跨学科引用与主题研究热度相关性大小将研究主题分为有效、能够、不易促进知识生长3类,提出并验证一种估算刺激程度的方法。[局限]仅以图书情报学为例对模型进行检验,是否适用于其他学科尚待进一步验证。     

引用动能视角下跨学科知识来源识别——以图书情报学为例

[目的/意义]识别跨学科引用的主要学科,有助于促进学科之间的知识交流,探析学科间的联系,推动学科创新发展。[方法/过程]引入物理学动能定理,从引用质量和引用转化率两方面构建引用动能模型,计算目标学科引用其他学科文献而具有的动能,根据动能的大小,识别该学科引用知识的主要来源学科,挖掘学科间的联系。[结果/结论]以图书情报学为例进行实证研究,发现管理学是与图书情报学知识交流最密切的学科,其次为计算机科学与经济学。探析图书情报学与被引学科之间的联系,促进跨学科知识交流,进而有助于研究学科之间的交叉融合现象,发掘学科生长点,培育新兴交叉学科,构建协调可持续发展的学科体系。     

知识流动视角下学术名词的跨学科迁移与发展研究

[目的/意义]学术名词是专业知识的基础,通过对学术名词跨学科迁移与发展进行揭示,有助于深入探究学科间的知识共享与交流。[方法/过程]文章构建了学术名词跨学科迁移与发展模型,以14本CSSCI图书情报类核心期刊为研究对象,从文献引用角度测量学科间的知识流动,对跨学科学术名词进行抽取,识别不同迁移类型的学术名词,并判断其发展趋势;最后根据实证结果总结出学术名词迁移与发展特征。[结果/结论]文章直观全面地展示了不同的跨学科迁移类型与发展情况,旨在为探寻科学发展规律提供有益参考。     

交流可见度视角下在线知识共享网络用户认知和情感研究

[目的/意义]探索不同交流可见度环境对在线知识共享网络用户认知和情感的影响,旨在推动知识共享和知识创新实践。[方法/过程]利用质性研究方法开展研究,先设计了访谈提纲,然后利用访谈法搜集数据,再利用主题分析法分析数据。[结果/结论]分析了匿名环境和实名环境对用户认知和情感的影响,识别了7个主题;分析了即时交流环境和非即时交流环境对用户认知和情感的影响,识别了5个主题;分析了一对一、多对多、大众传播、一对多交流可见度环境对用户认知和情感的影响,识别了7个主题;分析了知识搜寻行为可见/不可见的交流环境对用户认知和情感的影响,识别了4个主题。文章为在线知识共享网络用户研究提供了新视角。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence     

Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels

<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese     

More than Skin Deep – Understand Skin Biology by Means of Dermatogenomics

<正>The Paul Gerson Unna Research Group on Dermatogenomics was founded in October 2012 at the Partner Institute for Computational Biology.The ultimate goal of the group is to understand the biology of skin and skin appendages.