Conceptions of water-related phenomena

Water is an important resource. Surprisingly, research into students' conceptions of water has been confined largely to studies of change of state. This paper reports the results of interviews about underground water, water pollution, the water cycle, and change of state). There were 45 students interviewed about these phenomena: all were in Year 9 or Year 10 in Western Australia from three schools, two country, on emetropolitan. In addition, 715 students in Years 9 and 10 in five government schools, three metropolitan and two country, completed a teacher-made, water topic test. Students appear to have a good understanding of some water-related phenomena, such as the water cycle, but have conceptions about other phenomena, such as the water table, which are not in accord with scientific views. As others have reported, interviews reveal that students often use scientific language without understanding. Specializations: educational technology and the teaching-learning process; public understanding of science and technology.     

特区高职院校新生心理压力探析

运用问卷调查表对特区某高职院校新生心理压力的主要来源及其特点进行调查研究,结果表明：人际交往、学业成就与前途以及生活环境的改变与适应等是大学生心理压力的主要来源;亲人、好友发生突发变故(如父母患急、重病或父母离异等)对学生带来的心理压力相当大;男女大学生的心理压力存在一些性别上的差异。     

Conceptions of Science Teacher Mentoring and Mentoring Practice in an Alternative Certification Program

Conceptions of mentoring held by six mentors and six beginning science teachers in an alternative certification program were explored qualitatively by means of case studies and phenomenography. Interviews with the six mentors and six beginning teachers produced 379 statements that were grouped into six conceptual categories. The categories of apprenticeship, personal support, and colearning revealed the variation in how mentors and beginning teachers conceptualized school-based mentoring. The conceptions functioned as referents for their mentoring practice. Mentoring as apprenticeship was the dominant conception among both the beginning teachers and mentors. The findings of this study imply that conceptions of mentoring held by mentors and beginning science teachers should be considered when organizing the school-based component of alternative certification programs.     

Critical Mass and Pedagogic Continuity: studies in academic habitus

The paper is based on ethnographic work with doctoral students, their supervisors and postdoctoral researchers in three contrasting disciplines: biochemistry, artificial intelligence and physical geography. It explores how stability and continuity in scientific disciplines are sustained through socialisation processes of doctoral research. It identifies the inter‐generational transmission of knowledge, skills and assumptions within the institutional setting of laboratory or the research group. Working on ‘standardised packages’ in such social contexts, doctoral students are enculturated into scientific work. Despite setbacks and uncertainties in getting their research to ‘work’ doctoral students express faith that their problems are ‘doable’. Drawing on these empirical findings we suggest that these forms of pedagogic continuity are of more significance in the enculturation of doctoral students and the reproduction of scientific knowledge than the presence or absence of a ‘critical mass’ of active researchers (as has been suggested by the recent Harris review of postgraduate education in the UK). We therefore suggest that recent UK policy formation that has emphasized the notion of critical mass deserves critical scrutiny, and that there is need for perspectives more sensitive to disciplinary cultures and departmental organization.     

高校新生适应性教育工作探析

新生适应期是大学生顺利适应大学生活的必经阶段。针对新生在诸多方面存在的问题与迷茫,辅导员实施及时有效的引导策略尤为必要,这对于指导大学生渡过充实而美好的大学四年生活有着极为重要的意义。本文根据已有的工作经验,针对新生适应期存在的几类主要问题,有针对性地摸索出相应的引导策略。     

A holistic approach to international students, institutional habitus and academic literacies in an Irish third level institution

This qualitative study examines the interplay between academic staff and international students with regard to developing academic literacies at university. Higher education has traditionally responded to increasing student diversity with the expectation that students will conform to institutional norms or habitus. In this context international students arrive with cultural capital which may not fit such norms, and would benefit from developing their academic literacy, as indeed would home students given an increasingly diverse student body in Irish higher education. Findings reveal a gap between academics expectations and international students’ capabilities. Academic staff remained within the remit of the research in contrast to the 22 international students who were interviewed. They did not separate the totality of their campus experience from academic literacy practices. These ranged from uncertainty around writing in another language to a mismatch between diversity management in class and students’ own expectations. International students found difficulty to making friends on campus which could benefit their integration into the academic literacy practices of their respective disciplines. Findings point towards a whole institution response to student diversity which transcends traditional disciplinary boundaries.     

英汉音变现象浅析

语流音变指在语流中音素与音素、音节与音节、声调与声调之间相互影响或语义区别产生的变化。英语和汉语分别是世界上用得最广和使用人数最多的两大语言,各自的语音系统都非常庞大,其音变现象也纷繁复杂。英语的音变主要有同化、省略、弱化、连续等;汉语主要有变调、轻声、儿化和“啊”的音变等。由于分属不同的语系,英语和汉语音变现象自然大相径庭,但也有一些惊人的相同或相似之处。     

Improving the career decisions of deaf seniors in residential and day high schools.

Career development interventions can have positive effects on the career decisions that deaf seniors make before graduating from high school. Interviews with 189 seniors from 16 residential and day high schools revealed their career decisions and their experiences with career development activities. School staff evaluated the seniors' career decisions, career decision-making skills, and probable post-high school placements. The results indicated that seniors who had vocational training were more knowledgeable about their vocational aptitudes than were seniors who had no vocational training. Seniors with vocational training were also more likely to have considered other careers prior to making career decisions. Seniors who had received career counseling were more knowledgeable than those who had not about the skills needed to enter their chosen careers and were more interested in their career choices. More importantly, the amount of interest in one's career choice was determined to be related to ratings of motivation, readiness, and prospects for completing the postsecondary placement. The implications of these results are discussed below for professionals in education and rehabilitation.     

Rival Conceptions of Practice in Education and Teaching

Some initial reflections on the theoretical status of philosophy of education suggest that it seems appropriate to regard education and teaching as practices in some sense. Following a distinction between teaching as an institutional and professional role and teaching as a more basic form of moral association, however, some key aspects of this distinction are explored via a contrast between MacIntyrean notions of moral and social practice and more mainstream Aristotelian virtue-ethics concepts of moral character and agency. The paper proceeds to argue that, notwithstanding any and all pressure to regard teaching in institutional and professional contexts as a form of technical or managerial expertise directed to specific social ends, neither teaching nor the moral ends which it more widely serves seem reducible to practices in any such socially defined sense.     

现象描述分析学与学习观、教学观的研究

现象描述分析学立足于所谓第二层次的视角来研究与人类活动有关的现象,通过研究人们对某一现象的描述概括出一些具有本质判别的观念,以此认识现象以及经历这一现象的人,研究表明,学习观基本上可归结表层式和深层工两类。我国教师的教学观可归纳为两类取向（注入取向、发展取向）、五种观念（传授观、应试观、能力观、态度观、育人观）。研究表明,注入式教学观对学生的学习有负面的影响,发展式的教学观对学生的学习有正面的影响     

"超常教育""英才教育""天才教育""资优教育"辨

本文通过对“超常教育”“英才教育”“天才教育”“资优教育”等概念的辨析 ,认为“超常教育”过于偏重智力而忽视其它方面的能力 ;“英才教育”是为“少数人集团”服务的教育 ,而他们中间不一定个个都是“英才” ;“天才教育”则过于强调先天遗传的因素 ;而“资优教育”则相对较为科学与合理。因此 ,笔者建议 :统一使用“资优教育”这一概念。     

高校新生心理不适应问题及应对策略

高校新生心理不适应现象普遍存在,这对学生的专业能力和综合能力的发展带来不利影响．如何帮助新生尽快适应新的环境成为高校学生工作者的一项重要任务．从学习、人际交往、生活三个维度分析新生适应困难的原因,并提出了应对策略,旨在帮助新生尽快适应大学生活提供科学的指导．     

The development of an exit examination in criminal justice for graduating seniors: A case study

Faculty members in higher education have become increasingly concerned with evaluating faculty members' and students' performance and with improving accountability. One focus of investigation has been the assessment of graduating seniors through the use of an exit examination. In many disciplines, standardized tests are available for such purposes, and graduating seniors at a particular institution can be compared with a nationally normed sample. No such tests presently are available in criminal justice. The purpose of this study was to develop such an instrument, tailored to meet the needs of a specific curriculum. The process and the preliminary results are described, including the limitations on interpretation. The advantages and the potential difficulties of this process are discussed.     

Perspectival Understanding of Conceptions and Conceptual Growth in Interaction

We propose a bridge between cognitive and sociocultural approaches that is anchored on the sociocultural side by distributed cognition and participation, and on the cognitive side by information structures. We interpret information structures as the contents of distributed knowing and interaction in activity systems. Conceptual understanding is considered as achievement of discourse in activity systems, and conceptual growth is change in discourse practice that supports more effective conceptual understanding. We also introduce a concept of perspectival understanding, in which accounts of cognition, including conceptual understanding, include points of view. This concept generalizes the concept of schema by hypothesizing that a perspectival understanding can be constructed by constraint satisfaction when a sufficient schema is not known or recognized. We provide an example in which perspectival understanding was jointly constructed, illustrating an interactional process we call “constructive listening.”     

《尚书正义》反映的词汇观探索

《尚书正义》虽然是对《尚书》经文以及汉晋以来旧注所作的注解和阐释,但书中多涉及对语言现象的分析和总结,有不少是前人所未发的内容,如比较早地关注词义引申、最早提出“对文”的概念、比较早地揭示出“复语”现象等问题。这些资料对语言学研究弥足珍贵。从语言学角度揭示出《尚书》所反映出来的词汇观,可以为丰富汉语词汇理论提供某些重要的资料。