Breaking bounds: Alice Profé, radical and emancipationist

Alice Prof was the first female sport physician in Germany and she influenced ideas on female bodies and female sports for more than 40 years. Her dream to become a doctor could be realized only in Switzerland because women were not admitted to universities in Prussia before 1908. After her examination and her PhD she established herself as one of the first female doctors in Berlin in 1905 and she worked there until her death in 1946 as general practitioner and medical specialist for pediatrics and sport medicine. As an expert on the female body she was active in many committees and organizations. Alice Prof worked her whole life for the improvement of the situation of girls and women. The focus of her work was physical education and sport and she was always active in different types of sports herself. Her first article on this topic was published in 1906. In the following years over and over again she 'took the floor' criticizing traditional stereotypes of women and the female body, demanding resources for the education of girls and women. Her efforts also helped to reduce anxieties about women in sport and to encourage women to participate in sport. In her articles and in her lectures she encouraged women to decide for themselves about their involvement in sport. She rejected all attempts to patronize female athletes and refused to accept their exclusion from many sports. Prof propagated ideas which were not popular and she never swam with the tide. In one obituary it is stated: 'you never changed your ideas about life for material rewards or professional advancement. You stayed yourself'. Her ideas are relevant even today.     

上海市中学二期课改体操教学现状的调查及对策研究

文章对上海市中学二期课改体操教学现状进行了调查研究,从学生、教师以及日常体操课堂教学开展的状况进行了分析,了解体操教学的开展状况。建议提高体育教师的专业化能力;加强学校体育专项督导;体育教师男女比例的配备要恰当;中学阶段分班教学;各学段体操教材的系统性要适合中学生的身体、心理特点。     

福建省畲族学校体育现状分析与对策研究

通过对福建省15所畲族学校体育现状进行的调查,和对学校的师资结构、体育教学现状、体育场地、器材设施及民族传统体育项目开展情况进行的分析,了解其体育教学过程中存在的问题,并寻求解决问题的途径与办法,为有关部门深化福建省少数民族学校体育整体改革提供有益借鉴,以丰富和发展我国学校民间传统体育。     

Gender constructions and negotiations in physical education: case studies

In Denmark as in other European countries, many girls, and especially Muslim girls, seem to lose interest in physical activities and sport with increasing age. However, in a Danish context, little is known about the reasons why girls drop out of sport and which role physical education (PE) plays in this process. In this article we present results of a qualitative study on gendered discourses and doing gender in a PE class at a Danish high school. Drawing on constructivist and post-structuralist approaches to gender and ethnicity, we explore the different opportunities of girls in PE based on in-depth interviews and video observations. Three case studies of three girls are the focus of this article: Nanna, the Danish ‘athletic girl’ who found a balance between (en)acting femininity and presenting herself as a competent athlete; Iram, the ‘Muslim girl’ whose position as a Muslim causes her to hide her sporting abilities and Ida, the Danish ‘normal girl’ who re-interprets PE and adapts it to her needs. These three girls act in and react to a discourse that emphasises competitive sport and is orientated towards male sport tastes and sport practices. The results of this study indicate that PE, with its focus on games and performances, meets the requirements and expectations of many boys but contributes to the decrease in sporting interests and activities among numerous girls.     

在高校艺术体操选修课程中培养女生终身体育能力的研究

通过对艺术体操项目特点，高校女生生理、心理特点及高校女生接受终身体育培养的重要性分析，认为艺术体操应是高校女生进行终身体育教育的重要内容之一。文中重点论述了运用艺术体操教学对高校女生终身体育能力的培养。     

Ignoring taboos: Maria Lenk, Latin American inspirationalist

Maria Lenk is widely recognized as an exceptional athlete who participated in women's sport from around 1930 until 1950. In 1932, at the age of seventeen, she was the first woman to be included in a Latin American delegation to the Olympic Games. As a swimmer, she still sets world records at the age of eighty-six. This super-champion's sporting achievements and her persistent dedication to the advancement of sport still impress and surprise todays professional swimmers and researchers. Contextualised in the male-dominated society of Brazil during the first half of the twentieth century, this chapter traces the achievement, and rise to international fame, of Maria Lenk. It examines the factors that enabled her to emerge not only as an important figure in sport but also as an icon of female emancipation in Brazilian and Latin American society. The focus is on Lenk's influence on the issues which affected the development of women's sport in Latin America. It also highlights the significance of Lenk's contribution to the changing place of women in Brazilian and South American society.     

The role of science in the practice of talent identification: a case study from gymnastics in New Zealand

Abstract

Talent identification is an example of a practice where ‘scientism threatens to engulf us all.’ Talent identification and development are areas where models perceived to be scientific have been uncritically adopted into sporting practice due to the belief that they represent best practice. In this article, I track the changing talent identification systems adopted in the sport of rhythmic gymnastics in New Zealand over approximately 20 years. The findings revealed that those in decision-making positions originally adopted the perspective of scientism in introducing a physical ability test which they perceived to have scientific value. However, scientific testing was later removed owing to the now empowered gymnastics coaches drawing on what Foucault referred to as local knowledge, acquired through their own experiences. Their experiences resulted in the coaches believing in the importance of what Latour described as social practices being more significant in talent identification than scientific testing.     

当代中国学校体育发展趋势透视

采用文献资料法和逻辑分析方法讨论了学校体育发展趋势形成的社会背景及表现形式。在基础教育课程改革浪潮的影响下,当代中国学校体育发展呈现出六个方面的趋势表现:1)学校体育的指导思想向"健康第一"和"终身体育"转变;2)开放与可持续发展的学校体育观;3)体育课程改革如火如荼;4)体育教学改革不断向纵深发展;5)学校体育环境开始引起关注;6)体育教师成为学校体育改革的关键。     

Girls’ bodily activities in physical education How current fitness and sport discourses influence girls’ identity construction

Girls’ identity constructions are influenced by the dominant sport, health and beauty discourses in their society. Recent research indicates that sport and health discourses embedded in physical education (PE) compete for influence. Some of these studies have illustrated how these discourses inform girls’ social construction of body ideals and femininities, as well as their choices among physical activities. Our purpose in posing the question, ‘How are girls’ identity construction in PE influenced by current fitness and sport discourses?’ is to explore their identity construction and how they negotiate within the PE discourse as embodied subjects, as well as how they use their body as an object of display. This study is based on fieldwork among 10th grade students (15-year-olds) in a school in Oslo, Norway. The methods used include participant observation, informal conversations with the students and two group interviews. We hope that our findings concerning how sport and fitness discourses influence the students’ concepts of both the ideal body and their choices among bodily activities in PE will contribute to the debate on the future of PE. In particular, the girls’ embrace of the fitness discourse in PE is relevant to a question of great current concern: How should schools and PE teachers meet and relate to the fitness discourse in contemporary society? We believe that if left unchallenged and permitted to deepen its influence on PE, this discourse may well ensure that body modification becomes the primary purpose of PE.     

上海市学校体育的现状调查与研究

为准确掌握上海市学校体育工作的现状,在全市中心城区、城区、郊区、远郊区抽样25所学校,调研体育教师、非体育教师、学生及其家长四大主体。从体育认识、学校体育课程与教学、学校课外体育活动、家长与学生课外体育活动、体育教师培训、经费投入与安全设备保障机制等方面入手,分析学校体育工作面临的主要问题,为对策与建议提供参考数据。     

大学体育教学内容适应性发展的思考

本文围绕高等教育在培养跨世纪合格人才中，大学生在体育方面应具备的能力 和素质，运用文献研究和系统分析方法，就学生在接受系统教育的最后阶段（大学） 所接受体育教育的教学内容进行重新构建，提出了将理论课和实验课（教材、课时、 成绩）按１：１的比例组织实施的改革设想，旨在扭转传统的以重复运动技术传授为 中心的旧的教学体系，建立以强身育人，增强体育意识和体育能力，形成终身体育思 想为中心的新的内容体系，使学生能自觉运用在课堂内所掌握的体育知识和健身方 法，指导自己长期参与体育锻炼和主动投身到全民健身的行列。     

Sir Galahad,Skiing and a Woman's Quest for Freedom

Sir Galahad, alias Bertha Eckstein-Diener, was a famous Austrian author writing in the first half of the twentieth century. Her most important books include the novel The Conic Sections of God (Die Kegelschnitte Gottes [1921]), which contains much autobiographical material, and Mothers and Amazons (Mütter und Amazone [1932]), a cultural history of women focusing on matriarchies. Bertha Eckstein-Diener had an unusual life: the daughter of a well-to-do factory owner, she grew up in Vienna, married polymath Friedrich Eckstein against her father's will, divorced her husband after several years of marriage, survived a tragic love affair and travelled constantly. She was proud both of her slim figure and of her sporting achievements. As a young woman, she was one of Vienna's best figure skaters, an excellent horse rider and a mountaineer. She gave up skating for skiing, which became her main pastime in winter. She also learned ski jumping. The little information that is available about her skiing activities clearly demonstrates that this sport played a key role in her life. Besides perfectly keeping up with her self-image as a competent woman, skiing provided her with the opportunity of escaping normal life and experiencing freedom and adventure.     

对建国以来我国体育教学理论发展的初步研究

为促进我国体育教学理论形成独立的理论体系,探求我国体育教学理论自身发展的规律性,运用文献资料法、调查法、观察法和数理统计法,对建国以来我国体育教学理论发展的4个阶段进行了初步考察,归纳了各个阶段的理论特点。研究结果显示,我国体育教学理论经历了从全面引进苏联体育教学模式到向独立体系发展的过程。至今,多种教学指导思想并存,能借助多学科理论进行教学理论研究,但缺少长期、持续的整体实验研究,这是影响我国体育教学理论发展的主要因素之一。未来体育教学理论在体育教学功能开发和学生体育学习理论等诸多基础研究和比较实验研究方面取得较大进展。     

体育课程新理念与体育学习方式的改革

我国面向21世纪的学校体育课程标准和教学指导纲要中确立并提出了一些与以往传统的体育课程完全不同新的体育与健康教育理念,主要体现为“健康第一”和健康整体现理念、终身体育理念、主体教育理念和人文教育理念等四种基本理念,它们对当前我国学校体育课程的改革与发展产生着极大的影响作用。新的体育课程理念必然带来学生体育学习方式的变革,因此,探讨新课程理念下学生的体育学习方式,加强体育学习指导,对于新一轮体育课程的改革与实施效果有着重要的意义。     

艺术体操专修学生表现力培养的探讨

艺术体操是以美为核心，以节奏、韵律为生命的竞技性运动项目．我院艺术体操专修学生在专修艺术体操课之前大多数学生未从事过艺术体操专业的学习。因此，在学习专业理论知识和掌握技术的同时，改进、提高艺术体操专修学生身体动作的优美性、动作的表现力亦同时重要．本文通过对学生加强身体基本动作训练、心理训练、音乐与动作配合的训练等方法的研究，探讨了如何提高专修学生动作表现力的问题。     

体育教学中的先决体育认知行为和运动情感特点

先决体育认知行为和先决运动情感影响一个人继续参与体育活动的态度和方式.从先决体育认知行为和先决运动情感特点的形成及其在运动态度形成过程中的作用等方面阐述了先决体育认知行为和运动情感特点对大学生持续参与体育活动的影响,进而提出了一个既能够满足大学生现实参与运动的需求又能适应进入社会长远参与运动的需求的高校体育教学模式.     

开放式与闭锁式运动技能教学方法的比较研究 ———以普通高校女生排球和大众健美操项目运动技能的习得过程为例

采用教学试验法对高校体育英语和外贸英语两个非体育类专业本科女生习得排球和大众健美操项目的运动技能过程进行实证研究,结果表明:领会式教学方法对学生掌握两个项目的运动技能及其基本战术意识的形成是行之有效的手段。     

普通高校体育教育专业体操课程教学内容与优化的确定

以教材研究为对象,根据1961年以来高校体育专业体操教材、中小学体育与健康课程标准和高校体育教育改革与发展,采用理论分析和调查访谈等研究方法,构建高校体育教育专业体操教材框架体系,运用模糊数学的交互影响分析方法确立了徒手、在器械上的练习方法、课堂组织与教学等为重点教材,体操基础理论、轻器械练习方法、练习中的安全措施、基本体操的比赛及游戏组织、体操教学创新等为一般性教材,体操发展简史为介绍性教材等内容。     

试析江苏省中学体育课体操教学的现状及存在的问题

通过对江苏省百所重点中学及学生的问卷调查，以及对中学体育教师进行面访，了解到当前省内中学体育课有关体操教学的实施状况和存在问题，并探求存在问题的原因，为有关部门和广大体育教师改进中学体育课体操教学提供参考依据。