民国时期社会教育研究的本土探索——以《教育杂志》为中心的考察

民国时期商务印书馆所办的《教育杂志》是我国教育研究的重要阵地,也刊载了社会教育研究的文章,成为洞察民国时期社会教育研究本土探索的一个窗口。根据民国时期《教育杂志》刊载社会教育研究的文章数量、主题等,可以发现《教育杂志》中社会教育研究经历了四个阶段,且形成了一个社会教育研究群体。同时,其社会教育研究的主题主要集中于平民教育、识字教育、民众教育、学校兼办社会教育、社会教育理论、战时的社会教育、国外社会教育理论和概况等方面。《教育杂志》刊载社会教育研究文章,推动了社会教育理论和实践的本土探索,传播了国外的社会教育理论和实践,形成了我国的社会教育研究群体。在借鉴民国时期《教育杂志》对现代教育研究本土探索的基础上,社会教育研究从以下几方面努力：注重社会教育的理论研究,建设社会教育学学科;立足本土的社会教育实践,推动外来社会教育研究的本土化;强调教育期刊与社会教育研究协同,助力于社会教育研究的发展;培育社会教育研究群体,集中推动社会教育研究的开展。     

Complexity Conceptual Perspectives for Research About Educational Complex Systems

Abstract

This article is premised on the observation that in educational research there is an increasing use of terminology and concepts related to the field of complexity and the study of complex physical, biological, and social systems. As we are at an early stage in this cross-fertilization of complex systems ideas and methods in educational research, this article provides an overview of key complex systems conceptual perspectives and research methods in conjunction with a discussion of why educational researchers should consider their use. It is hoped that this overview of complex systems concepts and nomenclature used to describe research that views education as a complex system will help promote a broader awareness and acceptance of this work in the educational research community.     

中国教育学研究的问题与改进路向

社会转型以及教育实践与教育理论的发展都要求教育学研究者重新审视教育学自身所面临的问题。这些问题主要表现为:做纯粹的概念研究;漠视实践问题,缺乏实践意识;用外来的理论去诠释中国实践;用既定的理论程式去说明、“规范”实践。之所以出现这些问题,既有教育学理论发展历史的原因,也有教育学研究者成长经历及社会分工等方面的原因。教育学研究要走出困境,需要聚焦教育实践,即关注实践、参与实践、批判实践、改进实践。     

The mismeasure of monkeys: education policy research and the evolution of social capital

This conceptual history traces the rise of ‘social capital’ from the theories of James Coleman and Pierre Bourdieu to its eventual adoption in fields such as primatology and evolutionary psychology. It argues that the earliest theories of social capital were formulated in response to a growing perception that education was an economic investment. It argues, moreover, that peculiarities in the earliest theories of social capital, as well as a confluence of historical factors, led to an explosion of social capital research during the 1990s and 2000s. Though researchers have attributed social capital’s meteoric rise to the expansion of neoliberal discourse, my account suggests that the factors behind the concept’s growth were more complex and manifold. Social capital has never been a singular idea with clear ties to a single theory or ideology. It is all the more troubling, then, that many researchers have discussed this nebulous concept as if it were a self-explanatory and universal empirical principle that can be used to generate ‘further knowledge.’ Recommendations for mitigating this problem are made by discussing how researchers should (and should not) use terms such as social capital, neoliberalism, and analytic concepts in general.     

The use of structuration theory to conceptualize alternative practice in education: the case of private school outreach in India

This paper contributes to arguments for the potential of Giddens’ structuration theory in educational research. It illustrates how ‘conceptual schemes’ from structuration theory were applied to the author’s empirical research on a type of alternative educational practice in India, ‘private school outreach’. It shows how Giddens’ concepts of ‘social system’, ‘structure’ and ‘agency’ helped to conceptualize private school outreach, and how ‘constraint’ and ‘ontological security’ offered explanations of apparent contradictions in private school outreach practice within the context of the reasons and motivations of actors. It also argues that when schools attempt to do things differently, contradictions may occur because the same ‘rules and resources’ that are drawn on in the production of alternative practice are drawn on in the reproduction of practice. Finally, acknowledging the debates around structuration theory, some of its key criticisms are addressed in relation to the empirical application.     

教育与日常实践

理论的生产与使用实际上是两种生产之间的关系。理论的分配与流通,在教育研究者看来是社会和教育发展的关键;对于使用者来说,却意味着两种生产的相似或差异。我们需要揭示那些在教师群体或个人中分散的、策略性的以及权宜性的创造力所采取的潜在形式,即在日常教育实践中的运作方式,描述其潜在的变化因素。把日常教育实践作为教育理论研究的出发点,着力关注教育实践者对教育的主动参与,并使日常教育实践成为教育教学变革的沃土。     

Theoretical trajectories within communities of practice in higher education research

In this article, the role of theory in higher education research is problematised using a communities of practice framework. Drawing on a case study derived from the author's own published work and doctoral study, the article concludes that the differential uses of theory within communities of research practice can be fruitfully explored, in part, through a consideration of the ways in which the explicit use of theory by newcomers to the community is, or is not, sustained as community membership deepens. The article concludes by suggesting that the differential use of theory amongst communities of educational researchers constitutes a problematic object of practice that requires critical exploration.     

面向学习社会教育理论的嬗变

教育理论受学习社会的理念和实践的影响已经发生了嬗变，具体表现在理论取向、研究重点和任务等方面。教育理论以关注人的生命价值，把人在学习过程中自主、自觉和自为的价值贯穿在教育原理之中；研究人的终身学习过程，围绕人与社会和谐的可持续发展来建立教育理论；强调教育理论要直接面向教育实践，加强与动态发展的教育实践的联系，进行事实研究为教育理论提供有力支撑。解读学习社会的内涵发展，审视学习社会对教育理论的各种新挑战，把握嬗变的动态，教育理论才能指导学习社会建设和教育实践。     

It's All Very Well,in Theory: Theoretical Perspectives and Their Applications in Contemporary Pedagogical Research

Current debates about educational theory are concerned with the relationship between knowledge and power and thereby issues such as who possesses a “truth” and how have they arrived at it, what questions are important to ask, and how should they best be answered. As such, these debates revolve around questions of preferred, appropriate, and useful theoretical perspectives. This paper overviews the key theoretical perspectives that are currently used in physical education pedagogy research and considers how these inform the questions we ask and shapes the conduct of research. It also addresses what is contested with respect to these perspectives. The paper concludes with some “cautions” about allegiances to and use of theories in line with concerns for the applicability of educational research to pressing social issues.     

Naming beyond the white settler colonial gaze in educational research

In this article, I describe the ways educational research often calls us out our names, meaning that educational researchers often name communities not as they are but as the academy needs them to be along damaging logics of erasure and deficiency. I use Morrison’s concept of the White gaze, Tuck’s concepts of damage-centered and desire-based research, and other contemporary scholarship on settler colonialism, White supremacy, and education to offer ways of naming in educational research beyond the White settler gaze. Finally, I look to hashtag naming in current social movements (e.g. #BlackLivesMatter, #DearNativeYouth #NotYourModelMinority) to imagine educational research that understands the naming of the communities of our work as informed by movement speech, the sort of naming that can save lives and show us and others who we are and desire to be.     

Researching the bridge called our backs: the invisibility of ‘us’ in qualitative communities

Abstract

The article and the following discussion were prompted after the authors’ participation in a recent qualitative research conference. In the article, a Black woman and Latina scholar share their experiences and reflections as scholar researchers. As a point of entry, they discuss how even qualitative research communities can be marginalizing spaces for scholars of color. Using theoretical perspectives of feminists of color, the authors provide snapshots into their personal dialogue around issues of research, theory, and practice. By examining their own personal and professional shared stories of coming to their scholarly identities, qualitative researchers will be able to better understand how women scholars of color grapple with and embrace a multiple consciousness to navigate academia and research communities. Based on these intellectual struggles and forms of resistance, the authors put forth suggestions for qualitative research theory and practice. The article has implications for qualitative research, higher education, and feminist theory.     

The Use of Research to Improve Professional Practice: a systematic review of the literature

In a keynote address to the Teacher Training Agency Annual Conference, Professor David Hargreaves suggested that teaching could become an evidence-based profession if educational researchers were made more accountable to teachers. This systematic literature review set out to explore: how teachers use research; which features of research encourage teachers to use research findings in their own practice; whether medical practitioners make greater use of research findings than teachers; and approaches to dissemination. Two key ideas emerge from this review. First, there appear to be common barriers to research use in both medicine and in education. Findings suggest that there is a need to create a culture in the public sector which supports and values research. There are, however, a number of factors, which appear to be more specific to the education field. Key differences in the way that research knowledge is constructed in the social sciences has led to researchers being challenged about their findings, particularly in relation to the context, generalisability and validity of the research. For these reasons the development of communication networks, links between researchers and practitioners, and greater involvement of practitioners in the research process, have emerged as strategies for improving research impact.     

Using the communities of practice framework to examine an after‐school environmental education program for Hispanic youth

Environmental education researchers have called for a greater analysis of ‘learning’ in environmental education in relation to contemporary theories and explanatory frameworks of learning. Situated learning, as a prominent example, is a sociocultural theory that contends that learning is a social process that occurs as individuals participate in ‘communities of practice’. This study aims to enhance our understanding of the usefulness and applicability of the communities of practice framework to the analysis of learning in environmental education, focusing on the learning in after‐school environmental education programs for Hispanic youth. Results suggest that the framework can be applied to identify some environmental education programs as communities of practice, characterized by the development of joint enterprise, mutual engagement, and shared repertoire. The framework was also found to be useful in identifying and describing learning as bringing about changes in identity formation as a result of participation in the programs. Finally, we suggest that such programs, due to their free‐choice nature and multiple opportunities for participation, also offer suitable contexts for further research regarding the relevance of sociocultural theories of learning to environmental education practice.     

“教育问题”探析

教育理论研究必须首先解决的问题是教育问题本身,教育问题的本质是教育实践活动中的矛盾。对教育问题的判定需要理论前提的支撑,教育理论与教育问题互为前提和结果,而教育研究者的教育观则是发现教育问题的关键前提。当前,教育问题研究中需明确三个意识:研究教育问题,应确立教育意识;研究中国教育问题,要确立中国意识;学术研究,需确立研究意识。     

The gap between educational research and practice: Views of teachers,school leaders,intermediaries and researchers

The relation between educational research and practice is a growing point of interest and has produced numerous lively debates. Although many reports and position papers have been published on this topic, little empirical data are available. The aim of this study is to explore the gap between educational research and practice and to assess the views of different key actors. After reviewing the literature, focus group interviews were organised with teachers, school leaders, researchers, and intermediaries. Questionnaire data were obtained from educational research professors in Flanders. Results indicate that the gap between educational research and practice should be approached as a complex and differentiated phenomenon. All participants agreed that more cooperation between researchers and practitioners is necessary. This could be achieved by establishing ‘professional learning communities’ or by promoting a ‘design‐based research’ model.     

How can conceptual schemes change teaching?

Lundqvist, Almqvist and ?stman describe a teacher’s manner of teaching and the possible consequences it may have for students’ meaning making. In doing this the article examines a teacher’s classroom practice by systematizing the teacher’s transactions with the students in terms of certain conceptual schemes, namely the epistemological moves, educational philosophies and the selective traditions of this practice. In connection to their study one may ask how conceptual schemes could change teaching. This article examines how the relationship of the conceptual schemes produced by educational researchers to educational praxis has developed from the middle of the last century to today. The relationship is described as having been transformed in three steps: (1) teacher deficit and social engineering, where conceptual schemes are little acknowledged, (2) reflecting practitioners, where conceptual schemes are mangled through teacher practice to aid the choices of already knowledgeable teachers, and (3) the mangling of the conceptual schemes by researchers through practice with the purpose of revising theory.     

理论研究与实践探索的贯通：基于学习科学的教育革新

很多领域都存在理论研究与实践应用之间的鸿沟,学习科学与教育实践之间也不例外。如何贯通理论研究和实践探索,从而形成相互支持的效应,是研究者和实践者需要共同面对的问题。学习科学推动教育实践变革的路径可以从理论诠释和合作实践两个方面展开。在理论诠释方面,研究者不仅要用易懂的方式言说,还要对理论进行选择和综合。指出理论和相关研究成果的实践意蕴,以案例展示实践的具体方法,将理论观点与实践者的先拥观念进行比较,以促进概念转变。在合作实践方面,研究者需要和实践者一起,将学习科学的理论和研究成果见之于特定情境的具体实践,从而形成一套适应这一情境的、定制性的具体实践方案或分析工具,或者通过对教学经验和教学案例加以概括和归纳,从而形成一般性的、可迁移的方法。实践者在整个过程中以合乎学习科学的方式,在实践共同体中将学习和实践融合,革新教育实践,发展专业能力。     

教育史学的发展规律初探

教育史学具有社会科学的一般发展规律:教育史学适应教育社会实践的需要而产生发展;深受政治的影响而具有强烈意识形态色彩;与社会文化的更迭兴衰遥相呼应。教育史学作为历史学的分支,又有史学的演进规律:教育史学发展史就是教育历史被不断重写的过程;研究队伍的整体素养与教育史学发展水平成正比;教育史学研究中史料、方法与理论三者密切配合、协调发展;描述叙事性的教育历史与解释分析性的教育历史相互依存、互相促进;宏观教育史研究与微观教育史研究取长补短、相辅相成。教育史学自身的特殊的演变规律表现为:教育制度、教育思想、教育活动的历史研究齐头并进,且维持动态平衡;教育史学与教育学的其他分支学科相互依赖、互相借鉴。     

Art,ordinary work and conceptuality: sculpting the social relations of the art world

ABSTRACT

This research reveals the social relations of the art world through an investigation of visual artists’ ordinary art-making practices. Drawing on extended ethnographic research, the article attends to art and ordinary work, clarifying how visual artists’ work, is not only shaped socially and historically, but also reveals tensions about what counts as art and who counts as an artist. The article clarifies how today’s art world valorises conceptual approaches – centred on mobilising concepts and ideas, while devaluing expressivist approaches – centred on accessing intuition or inspiration. The article makes visible an increasingly conceptual, academic art world in which an expressivist practice is harder to sustain. By tracing shifting forms of work and shifting social relations, the study contributes to educational research on art, while calling attention to organisational processes that deeply shape artists’ lives.