Social‐Information‐Processing Skills of Kindergarten Children with Developmental Learning Disabilities

The study examined the social‐information‐processing skills of kindergarten children with developmental learning disabilities (LD) utilizing Crick and Dodge's (1994) model of children's social adjustment as a theoretical framework. Participants consisted of 20 kindergarten children with developmental LD who attended three integrated kindergartens and 20 children without developmental LD from the same kindergartens. Participants were assessed on social‐information‐processing skills, feelings of loneliness, sense of coherence, and teachers' ratings of behavioral problems and positive resources. The results indicated that girls with developmental LD performed significantly lower on two information‐processing steps—the response decision and the enactment steps—than did girls without LD. Such differences were not found for boys. The results also showed that the social‐information‐processing skills of children with developmental LD were correlated with teachers' ratings.     

非言语型学习障碍儿童情绪面目表情认知特点研究

本研究通过向23名非言语型学习障碍儿童、23名言语型学习障碍儿童和46名普通儿童呈现情绪面目表情判别任务,就三组儿童情绪面目表情判别能力进行了对比研究,旨在探讨非言语型学习障碍儿童情绪认知的特点.结果表明:对于情绪面目表情判别能力,非言语型学习障碍儿童、言语型学习障碍儿童和普通儿童均随着年龄的增长而逐步提高,但是非占语型学习障碍儿童的发展要落后于其他两组儿童.在情绪面目表情的判别上,非言语型学习障碍儿童对一些消极的情绪面部表情如"悲伤"、"恐惧"、"愤怒"更为敏感.对于复杂面目表情如"厌恶"判别较为困难.     

Social Competence of Learning Disabled Children: Cognitive and Emotional Aspects

The aim of the study was to investigate the structure of social competence among learning disabled children, as reported by themselves and their teachers, and the cognitive and emotional aspects that mediate its level. The sample consisted of 40 learning disabled children and 37 matched nondisabled children. Within Harter's competence model and Schaefer's spherical model, the learning disabled group demonstrated lower levels of competence and adjustment and a less mature concept of competence than did their peers. The social competence of the learning disabled children was accounted for by emotional and physical aspects of competence, similar to that found in younger and in children with an intellectual disability, whereas the social competence of the nondisabled peers was accounted for by a combination of academic, cognitive and self‐esteem aspects. Teachers rated the social competence of both groups of children as mediated by introversion and general competence. However, teachers added physical competence to the explanation of the learning disabled group's social competence, whereas they added task orientation to the explanation for the nondisabled group. Intervention planning should be geared toward increasing the social competence of LD children, through alerting teachers to their less mature self‐competence concept, with its special emphasis on nonacademic aspects.     

学习障碍超常儿童的研究进展

从特征、鉴别方法以及干预等方面综述了国外学习障碍超常儿童的研究进展.目前主要鉴别方法有智力分测验分析以及学业成绩和智力水平差异分析.日常生活评估和游戏评估是学龄前学习障碍超常儿童鉴别的有效方法.使用多种方法对多种能力进行评估可以提高鉴别准确性.在培养优势能力的过程中减少障碍是有效的教学方法.其他有效方法还包括形成知识网络结构和使用辅助工具.学习障碍超常儿童社会交往和情感需要值得关注.目前研究存在的主要问题有缺乏一致的学习障碍超常儿童能力剖面图,在主要鉴别方法上和超常儿童选拔的智商标准上也存在争议.文末探讨了对我国学习障碍超常儿童研究和教育的启示.     

学业不良儿童前瞻记忆的实验研究

本研究采用实验室双重任务范式,探讨了在有无外部提示线索两种条件下,不同认知方式的学业不良儿童和普通儿童在基于事件、时间、活动三种前瞻记忆任务上的表现.结果表明:(1)所有儿童在基于活动的前瞻记忆任务上的成绩最好,在基于事件和基于时间任务上的成绩较差;(2)在无外部提示线索条件下,学业不良儿童在基于时间的前瞻记忆任务上的表现较普通儿童差,有外部提示线索能够促进学业不良儿童在基于时间的前瞻记忆任务上的表现;(3)无论普通儿童还是学业不良儿童,场独立型儿童在基于事件的前瞻记忆任务上的表现较场依存型儿童好.     

数学障碍儿童抑制能力的发展性研究

本研究采用数值-大小干扰(magnitude-size Stroop)范式,探讨了不同年级数学障碍儿童和普通儿童抑制能力的差异.结果发现:(1)两组儿童在刺激冲突条件下的反应时显著长于刺激一致条件下的反应时,刺激冲突条件下的正确率显著低于刺激一致条件的正确率;(2)儿童在需要抑制能力参与的刺激冲突条件下的反应时随年级升高呈递减趋势;(3)数学障碍儿童只在需要抑制能力参与的刺激冲突条件下的正确率显著低于普通儿童,而在不需要抑制能力参与的刺激中性条件和刺激一致条件下两组之间没有显著差异.本研究认为,数学障碍儿童抑制能力发展迟缓是数学障碍产生的原因之一.     

Educating Children with Learning Disabilities in Africa

The increase in the number of slow learners and children with learning disabilities in schools in Africa has become a major issue and concern. The situation is reflected in various school‐leaving examinations, where an average of 30 percent of the results are below average or failures each year. Although there are no statistical records available in most African countries on the number of children and youth with learning disabilities, it is believed that about 8 percent of the students in school are experiencing learning difficulties in the classroom. Diverse factors contribute to the large number of school difficulties, including overcrowded classrooms, poverty, health issues, shortages of experienced teachers, traditional beliefs, lack of teaching materials, school expectations, and motivational issues. I examine the state of education for students with learning difficulties in Africa, focusing especially on Botswana but also including information from other countries, and consider the concept, prevalence, causes, provision of services, and difficulties in providing effective services for children with learning disabilities.     

Social and Emotional Functioning of Children with Learning Disabilities: Does Special Education Placement Make a Difference?

Children with learning disabilities in four types of special education settings were compared in terms of social acceptance, number of friends, quality of relationship with best friends, self‐concept, loneliness, depression, social skills, and problem behaviors. Two of the placements (In‐Class Support and Resource Room) were for children with mild to moderate learning disabilities and involved between 30 and 90 minutes of special education per school day. The other two placements (Inclusion Class and Self‐Contained Special Education Class) were designated for children with severe learning disabilities and involved at least a half‐day of special education. Children in the more inclusive placements had more positive social and emotional functioning. Children receiving In‐Class Support were more accepted by peers, had higher self‐perceptions of mathematics competence, and fewer problem behaviors than children receiving Resource Room Support. Children in Inclusion Classes had more satisfying relationships with their best school friends, were less lonely, and had fewer problem behaviors than children in Self‐Contained Special Education Classes.     

Ensuring Content‐Area Learning by Secondary Students with Learning Disabilities

Three factors tied with secondary student success in content‐area reading are demonstrated: (a) validated teacher‐focused and student‐focused interventions, (b) integrated and comprehensive service delivery systems, and (c) well‐designed, data‐based professional developmental programs. Difficult challenges face secondary students with LD and their teachers with regard to these students’ participation and success in required general education classes. Recently, instructional methods and materials have been developed and validated for promoting these students’ success. Some of them focus on how general education teachers plan and teach their content‐area courses; others focus on giving students the strategies they need to respond independently to the demands of their courses. This article describes these instructional methods, a service‐delivery model for implementing these interventions in secondary schools, and professional‐development mechanisms and administrative support that must be in place for the model to be maintained effectively.     

The Effects of Inattentive Responding on Construct Validity Evidence When Measuring Social–Emotional Learning Competencies

Self‐report inventories are commonly administered to measure social‐emotional learning competencies related to college and career readiness. Inattentive responding can negatively impact the validity of interpreting individual results and the accuracy of construct validity evidence. This study applied nine methods of detecting insufficient effort responding (IER) to a social‐emotional learning assessment. Individual methods identified between 0.9% and 20.3% of respondents as potentially exhibiting IER. Removing flagged respondents from the data resulted in negligible or small improvements in criterion‐related validity, coefficient alpha, concurrent validity, and confirmatory factor analysis model‐data fit. Implications for future validity studies and the operational use of IER detection for social–emotional learning assessments are discussed.     

学习困难儿童同时性加工特点研究

学习困难儿童同时性加工水平低下;性别对同时性加工任务没有显著影响;综合学业成就与同时性加工效率呈显著正相关.分析发现注意的缺陷和计划性的不足可能使学习困难儿童无法将自身的三个动态联系的机能系统有效地协调起来,无法根据经验作出正确的反应;而教育缺陷的积累可能也是导致其同时性加工水平低下的原因之一.     

Patterns of Close Relationships and Socioemotional and Academic Adjustment Among School‐Age Children with Learning Disabilities

This study examined patterns of close relationships among school‐age children with learning disabilities (LD) as manifested in their attachment style, their self‐perceived loneliness, their sense of coherence, and teacher ratings of their academic functioning. In line with resilience theory, this study also aimed to further explore predictors of positive adjustment for children with LD. The sample comprised 98 children with LD from regular classes in four Israeli public elementary schools, and 98 non‐LD children from the same classes. Significant group differences emerged in attachment styles and adjustment. Attachment style significantly correlated with socioemotional adjustment but not with academic functioning. In addition, a subgroup of resilient children emerged among the LD children. Discussion focused on the value of attachment patterns for understanding social and emotional adjustment among school‐age children with LD.     

小学数学学习障碍儿童刷新能力的发展性研究

本研究探讨了不同年级数学学习障碍儿童和普通儿童刷新能力的差异.研究选取障碍组与对照组被试共87名,采用活动记忆范式,分别对比了普通组与障碍组以及各年级组之间刷新功能的差异.结果发现:普通儿童在刷新任务中的正确率显著高于数学学习障碍儿童,反应时不存在显著差异;两组被试三次刷新任务的正确率低于一次和两次刷新任务的正确率,反应时不存在显著差异;三个年级的所有儿童的刷新正确率随年级升高呈递增趋势,反应时不存在显著差异.本研究认为,数学学习障碍儿童刷新能力发展迟缓是数学学习障碍产生的原因之一.     

多维视角中的学习不良研究

目前的学习不良现象的研究,理论视点多集中在心理学和教育学领域。而在急遽变动的多元化社会中,对学习不良现象的研究需要建立多重分析框架,从情境视角、互动视角和反思视角等不同的视角来进行。     

国外学习困难学生研究综述

自1896年摩根发现词盲现象,从医学角度确定学习困难的概念以来,有关学习困难的研究一直受到教育界、心理界和医学界的广泛关注,并已成为一个重大难题。世界各国的研究者分别从学习技能、社会性、心理特点等方面对学习困难进行了研究。一、学习困难的界定和类型1.学习困难的界定学习困难,也称“学习失能”(Learning Disabilities)或学习不良,这一概念由美国学者柯克(S.kirk)在20世纪60年代首先提出,用来标示那些智力正常而学业成绩长期滞后的学生。从20世纪80年代末以来,人们在界定学习困难时,回避对原因问题的争论,而普遍接受美国学习困难…     

Note‐Taking and Secondary Students with Learning Disabilities: Challenges and Solutions

As more secondary students with learning disabilities (LD) enroll in advanced content‐area classes and are expected to pass state exams, they are faced with the challenge of mastering difficult concepts and abstract vocabulary while learning content. Once in these classes, students must learn from lectures that move at a quick pace, record accurate and complete notes, and then demonstrate their mastery of the content on tests. This article provides an overview of the challenges faced by students with LD in content‐area classes and discusses the problems that students have learning from lectures and recording notes. Further, the article discusses theory and research related to note‐taking and presents note‐taking interventions that teachers can use to help students improve their note‐taking skills, and ultimately, improve their achievement in these classes.     

Procrastination and Motivation of Undergraduates with Learning Disabilities: A Mixed‐Methods Inquiry

The purpose of this mixed‐methods article was to report two studies exploring the relationships between academic procrastination and motivation in 208 undergraduates with (n= 101) and without (n= 107) learning disabilities (LD). In Study 1, the results from self‐report surveys found that individuals with LD reported significantly higher levels of procrastination, coupled with lower levels of metacognitive self‐regulation and self‐efficacy for self‐regulation than those without LD. Procrastination was most strongly (inversely) related to self‐efficacy for self‐regulation for both groups, and the set of motivation variables reliably predicted group membership with regard to LD status. In Study 2, individual interviews with 12 students with LD resulted in five themes: LD‐related problems, self‐beliefs and procrastination, outcomes of procrastination, antecedents of procrastination, and support systems. The article concludes with an integration of quantitative and qualitative results, with attention paid to implications for service providers working with undergraduates with LD.     

元认知理论与学习不良儿童研究

元认知理论为人们全面深入理解学习不良问题提供了一个新视角,它对理解学习不良儿童的内部加工问题和发展提高学业成绩的教学方法都具有重要意义。元认知是个体在学习过程中主动控制认知过程的高层次思维,它包括两类成分:一类是静态成分,分为知识和动机信念;另一类是动态成分,主要指元认知监测和控制。与一般儿童相比,学习不良儿童在元认知加工方面存在不同程度的缺陷;在具体学科领域,学习不良儿童静态和动态元认知成分也有不同的表现。对学习不良儿童的研究应以服务教育实践为目的,打破纯实验研究的范式,采用不同方法,从不同角度探讨学习不良儿童的元认知发展规律和作用机制。