心理剧干预对改善儿童同伴关系的对照研究

同伴关系是儿童社会化进程中的一个重要方面,利用心理剧干预技术,紧密结合小学儿童同伴关系的特点,对学生进行心理剧干预实验,在干预前后对实验组和对照组同学进行《儿童社会距离量表》的调查。研究结果表明,通过心理剧干预活动,实验组儿童社会距离前后测量结果存在显著差异,心理剧干预活动对改善同伴关系不良学生的社交距离和社交态度具有显著效果。心理剧对改善儿童不良同伴关系有积极的影响。     

运用同伴配对程序提升自闭症儿童回应同伴能力的研究

采用多基线延宕前后测实验设计,探究通过刺激配对程序对自闭症儿童与同伴的关系进行配对后,3名自闭症儿童回应同伴要求能力的变化。结果表明,当同伴配对为制约增强物之后,3名自闭症儿童在区域活动、过渡环节回应同伴要求的频次相较于基线期都有明显增加,说明同伴配对程序在没有直接教学的前提下,能够有效增加自闭症儿童回应同伴的行为,从而有利于提升自闭症儿童的社会交往能力。     

儿童同伴关系研究

同伴关系是指年龄相同或相近的儿童之间的一种共同活动并相互协作的关系,或者主要指同龄人之间或心理发展水平相当的个体间在交往过程中建立和发展起来的一种人际关系。同伴关系既是儿童社会化的内容之一,也是儿童社会化的重要途径。本文对家庭因素、教师因素、同伴因素和情境因素等影响儿童同伴关系发展的因素进行了探讨,并就儿童同伴关系的影响因素,提出四点教育建议。     

“注意—识别—回应”三部曲，改善被忽视幼儿的同伴关系

<正>《3-6岁儿童学习与发展指南》（以下简称《指南》）高度重视幼儿交往能力的培养与提升。在班级中,总能发现一些幼儿喜欢独自活动,无论在集中活动、游戏还是生活中,都较少与教师或同伴进行交流,常游离于同伴活动之外,他们通常处于被忽视状态。教师要关注这些被忽视幼儿,并对其进行有针对性的合理引导。许多关于幼儿同伴关系的研究表明,通过实施适宜的策略能够明显改善被忽视幼儿的同伴关系。     

同伴关系对留守儿童心理健康的影响及教育建议

留守儿童是我国社会转型发展时期出现的特殊群体,其心理健康状况总体不容乐观。同伴关系在留守儿童的发展过程中起着重要的作用,同伴接纳对儿童的发展发挥着积极作用,而同伴拒绝、同伴侵害会导致留守儿童出现心理扭曲、学业危机、品德不良等问题。综合历年来中小学留守儿童同伴关系的研究,从不同的角度探讨了同伴关系对留守儿童的影响并提出了教育建议。     

4～6年级小学生冲突解决策略的发展特点及相关影响因素

采用问卷与同伴提名相结合的方法,以班级为单位对440名4～6年级小学生冲突解决策略的发展特点及相关影响因素进行研究。结果表明：（1）4～6年级小学生冲突解决策略的发展存在显著的年龄差异,其发展趋势是随着年龄的增长而越加成熟;儿童同伴冲突解决策略的发展存在性别差异。（2）4～6年级小学生的人格维度与儿童同伴冲突策略存在显著相关,方差分析结果表明,人格对儿童同伴冲突解决策略有影响;儿童同伴冲突解决的5个策略中的问题解决策略和外倾化策略与不同同伴关系类型的儿童存在显著差异,同伴关系类型对其有着明显的影响。（3）在冲突解决策略的问题解决维度上,同伴关系类型与人格中的自我意识的交互作用显著。     

“独二代”与“非独”儿童社会交往现状比较

为了解"独二代"儿童与"非独"儿童的社会交往现状,采用儿童社交焦虑量表、同伴关系问卷和信赖他人量表对340名"独二代"儿童和317名"非独"儿童进行调查。调研结果表明,"独二代"儿童同伴关系的影响力、信赖他人和社交焦虑的得分均明显低于"非独"儿童;男生的同伴关系的影响力和社交焦虑水平明显高于女生,受欢迎程度则刚好相反。     

小学学业不良儿童的班级同伴关系探析

同伴是小学生学习、生活中的重要他人，同伴在儿童的发展过程中有着成人所无法取代的地位。学业不良儿童由于学业上的失败，而遭到同伴的排斥、拒绝。就这一类儿童而言，他们的班级同伴关系大致有对立的同伴关系、疏远的同伴关系、矛盾的同伴关系三种，且在交往对象、范围、同伴的组成，以及彼此间的影响上都与非学业不良儿童有着差异。本文从教师和学生两个角度来探讨了改善学业不良儿童班级同伴关系的对策。     

构建视障儿童良好的同伴关系

同伴关系是指年龄或心理水平相近的个体在交往过程中建立起来的人际关系。良好的同伴关系对儿童社会性的发展、健康心理的形成以及学习和适应环境能力的培养都具有重大的影响。但是其积极作用在视障儿童身上远未显现出来。那么视障儿童同伴关系存在问题的原因是什么，我们又该如何帮助他们建立良好的同伴关系呢？     

小学学习困难儿童同伴关系的调查研究

本研究在总结原有研究的基础上对从两所不同小学的三至六年级 646名儿童中鉴别出的 5 7名学习困难儿童的同伴关系进行了比较研究 ,结果发现 :学习困难儿童比非学习困难儿童更多的受到同伴的拒绝 ,而非学习困难儿童比学习困难儿童更多的受同伴接受 ;男性学习困难儿童比女性学习困难儿童更多的受同伴拒绝 ;学习困难儿童的同伴关系在年级维度上不存在明显差异。     

幼儿异龄互动中的同伴关系研究

异龄互动是在一段时间内,一个或多个幼儿与其他异龄幼儿之间的相互接触,它对幼儿的认知、情感和社会性发展具有重要的作用,因此,对异龄互动的研究就显得相当必要了。本文首先从认知学派、社会学习理论以及人类发展生态学等几个理论流派中为异龄同伴关系寻找到了存在的依据。其次,探讨了异龄同伴关系的影响因素,它包括:幼儿的外貌、年龄差异、熟悉程度、发展水平差异以及共同的爱好兴趣;幼儿不同的行为特点和交往目的;物质环境的创设、材料的特征以及教育者。最后,从家长和教师两个方面就怎样促进异龄互动的发生,发展稳定的异龄同伴关系给出了建议。     

近二十年来我国特殊儿童同伴关系影响因素研究

同伴关系是儿童生活经验中重要的社会关系之一,在儿童社会化过程中起着独特而无法替代的作用。我国特殊儿童同伴关系影响因素的研究对象涉及听觉障碍、视觉障碍、智力障碍和学习困难四类特殊儿童。这四类特殊儿童同伴关系影响因素的研究程度不同,如视障儿童同伴关系的影响因素研究只涉及心理理论,而影响学习困难儿童同伴关系的因素较为全面,包括性别、个性、社会行为、社会认知和情绪等个体的内在因素,还涉及外部因素中的家庭因素。     

Children's Classroom Peer Relationships and Early School Attitudes: Concurrent and Longitudinal Associations

The purpose of this study was to further explore the linkage between children's early school attitudes and interpersonal features of the classroom, including children's relationships with classmates and their perceptions of these relationships. Participants included 102 kindergarten children (M age = 5.8 years) who were interviewed at the beginning and end of kindergarten to obtain measures of their school attitudes (i.e., school liking), classroom peer relationships (i.e., peer acceptance, mutual friendships), and peer relationship perceptions (i.e., perceived loneliness, peer support). Results showed that initial school liking was associated with all four measures of children's peer relationships; however, only the number of mutual friendships that children possessed in their classrooms predicted changes in school attitudes (gains) over time. Early school attitudes were linked to changes in children's peer perceptions; children who disliked school early in kindergarten were more likely to view classmates as unsupportive as the school year progressed. Results are discussed in terms of the potential impact that classroom peer relations may have on early school attitudes, and vice versa. Implications for educational policy are also considered.     

3-6岁幼儿同伴冲突的观察与分析

研究采取行为抽样法对86名3-6岁幼儿的同伴冲突行为进行了观察研究。结果表明:幼儿同伴冲突行为存在性别差异;幼儿同伴冲突在游戏活动中分布最多,其次是过渡活动和教学活动,随年龄增长,幼儿同伴冲突在过渡活动中避渐减少,在教学活动中逐渐增加;小班幼儿同伴冲突着眼于物的因素。中、大班幼儿着眼于人的因素,且在大班出现了由游戏争议引起的同伴冲突;幼儿在解决同伴冲突时最常用声明策略和直接对抗策略;幼儿同件冲突绝大多数是自行处理的,很少有教师干预。     

Mediating effects of teacher and peer relationships between parental abuse/neglect and emotional/behavioral problems

The current study examined the mediating effects of the teacher and peer relationships between parental abuse/neglect and a child’s emotional/behavioral problems. A total of 2070 student surveys from the panel of the Korean Child Youth Panel Study (KCYPS) were analyzed by path analysis. The key findings of this study are outlined below. Firstly, parental physical and emotional abuse and neglect had significant effects on children’s problems. The direct effect of parental abuse on emotional/behavioral problems was higher than the direct effect of parental neglect on emotional/behavioral problems. Secondly, the teacher relationship partially mediated the effects of the parental abuse/neglect on emotional/behavioral problems. Thirdly, the peer relationship also partially mediated the effects of parental abuse/neglect on children’s emotional/behavioral problems. The indirect effect of parental neglect via teacher relationships and peer relationships was stronger than the indirect effect of parental abuse. This study is significant in that it identified that parental abuse/neglect was mediated by the teacher and peer relationship, thereby suggesting an implication for effective intervention with children who have suffered abuse and neglect. In terms of the teacher and peer relationship, understanding the influence of parental abuse and neglect on children’s problems was discussed, and the limitations and recommendations for future study were suggested.     

The consequences of child abuse for the formation of relationships with peers

The peer interaction of 26 physically abused children was observed and compared to the peer interaction of normal children (n = 26), neglected children (n = 4) and children referred to a child guidance clinic (n = 21). The children were either enrolled in a day-care intervention program and observed in well-established peer groups or not enrolled in peer-based intervention and observed in newly formed peer groups. The hypothesis that abused children who were enrolled in day-care intervention programs would be more competent in peer interaction than abused children who were observed in newly formed groups and not enrolled in peer-based intervention programs was supported. The peer interaction of abused children in well-established groups was similar to that of normal children and more skillful than that of abused and clinic children in newly formed groups. Normal children engaged in similar peer interaction in newly formed and well-established groups. The results are discussed in terms of the social support network provided by the day-care intervention and missing in the family environment of abused children.     

儿童中期社交退缩亚类型的同伴关系特征

本研究以929名3-5年级的小学生为被试,采用问卷法探讨小学中高年级社交退缩亚类型儿童的同伴关系特征.结果表明:(1)退缩儿童的同伴关系存在性别差异,退缩女孩的同伴关系发展状况优于退缩男孩;(2)安静退缩儿童的同伴关系发展状况在各种退缩类型儿童中发展最好,而活跃退缩儿童和混合退缩儿童同伴关系较差;(3)退缩儿童的友伴存在更多的退缩行为,更容易遭到同伴拒绝,但退缩儿童的友伴比退缩儿童受到同伴更多欢迎.     

Individual Preference for Peer Interaction: Some Data on a Self‐Report Measure for Preschool Children

Seven target children in six different kindergartens who showed low levels of social involvement with peers were compared with 24 children randomly selected from within the same kindergarten settings using a self‐report measure of preference for peer interaction. At pre‐test target children differed from the comparison group in choosing to play with peers in fewer activities and to play alone more often, and in naming fewer friends. At post‐test 14 weeks later, following intervention designed to increase their peer involvement, target children were not significantly different from the comparison group on the self‐report measure.     

留守儿童心理一致感、同伴依恋和心理健康的关系研究

为了探讨农村留守儿童的心理一致感、同伴依恋和心理健康之间的关系,对327名西南地区留守儿童施测心理一致感量表简版(SOC-13)、父母同伴依恋问卷(IPPA)中的同伴依恋分问卷和中国中学生心理健康量表(MSSMHS)。结果发现:(1)留守儿童的心理一致感、同伴依恋性别差异显著,女生的同伴依恋、心理一致感均显著高于男生;(2)留守儿童的心理一致感、同伴信任、同伴沟通、同伴依恋与心理健康水平呈显著正相关,同伴信任、心理一致感显著正向预测留守儿童的心理健康水平;同伴疏远与心理健康水平呈显著负相关,前者显著负向预测后者;(3)心理一致感在同伴依恋和心理健康之间存在部分中介效应,中介效应占总效应的4.9%。因此,可通过调节留守儿童的心理一致感和同伴依恋水平对其心理健康进行干预。