国外二语写作教师书面纠错反馈研究现状及启示

教师书面纠错反馈的形式以及促学效果一直是英语写作反馈研究的焦点。梳理国外教师书面纠错反馈在理论与实证方面的研究,总结国外二语写作在反馈焦点、反馈策略以及影响反馈的因素等方面的研究现状及趋势,为国内英语写作教学教师书面反馈提供启示。文献研究表明:国外英语写作书面反馈研究在理论方面主要是从二语习得和二语写作两个视角进行。近年来在实证方面的主要研究趋势是:反馈内容从语言形式反馈与思想内容反馈延伸至包括体裁反馈在内的更丰富的反馈;反馈焦点从错误分类与标记延伸至聚焦反馈与非聚焦反馈的促学效果对比;反馈方式从直接反馈与间接反馈延伸至多方式多类型相结合的反馈效果对比研究;影响反馈的因素从学生个体水平差异及对待反馈的态度延伸至教师个人反馈信念等。未来国内教师书面反馈研究可以从学作文和学语言找接口,探索错误类型,关注与科技融合的反馈,考虑个体差异,从动态理论探究反馈效果。国内教学实践中需要进行书面反馈培训、学生水平与需求分析、多反馈方式结合以及反馈后采取重写等多种促反馈手段等。     

EFL/ESL写作教学中的书面反馈研究评述

教师对作文的书面反馈一直是EFL/ESL写作教学理论和实践的焦点。以国内外大量有关教师书面反馈实证研究和理论探讨为基础,从教师书面反馈是否有效,如何给出有效的教师书面反馈,教师书面反馈的重点三个方面详细讨论在写作教学中应如何利用书面反馈提高学生的写作能力,并提出了这一领域未来的研究方向。     

EFL写作中教师作文书面反馈研究——学生评估,教师自我评估,教师实际书面反馈与教师教学理念

鉴于目前国内关于EFL写作教师反馈的研究中,很少涉及教师对其反馈的自我评估的情况,系统研究了英语作为外语时,教师对作文反馈自我评估的内容、意义和作用。主要研究了以下内容:(1)教师的书面反馈中就整体和局部的反馈各占多少。(2)教师的自我评估和学生对教师书面反馈的评估的吻合程度。(3)教师对书面反馈的自我评估和教师的实际书面反馈的吻合程度。研究结果表明:教师书面反馈的重点仍然是文章的局部问题。教师的自我评估和学生对教师书面反馈的评估的吻合程度低,教师倾向高估所给出的反馈的量,反映出学生希望获得更多的教师书面反馈。而教师的自我评估和教师的实际书面反馈的吻合程度为66%,教师能比较准确地评估就作文局部所给出反馈的量,却倾向高估就作文整体所给出反馈的量。     

中外写作教师对学生书面反馈的不同及偏好的探究

本文选取天津某大学本科二年级英语专业48名学生及中外两位英语写作课教师为研究对象,探究中外教师对学生书面反馈的不同及学生对书面反馈的偏好。调查采取了定性的研究方法,收取学生的作文,对老师给予的书面反馈进行归类并对部分学生进行访谈。了解到中外老师给学生的书面反馈在类别上相似,但在给予反馈的场合、给予的策略和是否给予分数上有差别;相比书面反馈,学生更喜欢老师通过面对面,一对一地交流指出错误和不足;多数学生认为中国老师更适合教英语写作。文章最后提出了对未来教学和研究的启示。     

多元反馈模式在英语写作教学中的实证研究

基于多元反馈模式的英语写作教学模式注重在写作过程中采用教师反馈与同伴反馈,口头反馈与书面反馈相结合的模式,培养学生的自主学习能力、自我评价能力和提高学生的英语写作水平。通过多元反馈模式的实证研究,采用定量和定性的方法,比较研究多元反馈模式与传统模式的效果,从而构建一套基于多元反馈模式的英语写作模式。     

写好书面反馈,提升学生英语写作能力

笔者采用质性研究方法,调查初中英语写作课教师书面反馈特征与学生反应。研究发现,初中英语教师在评改学生英语作文时,纠错性反馈占主导地位,使用频率最高;教师的评语集中关注语法或语言使用;大部分学生重视教师书面反馈;学生对教师书面反馈的满意度和利用程度还需要改善;学生期待教师在书面反馈中多一些积极正面的评语,有效的反馈在激发学生写作兴趣和提高写作技能方面确实有一定的促进作用。本次研究为初中英语教师在英语写作课中进行有效的书面反馈提供了新的思路。     

国内二语写作书面纠正性反馈研究述评

书面纠正性反馈一直是国外二语写作领域的研究焦点。近年来,国内越来越多的研究者也对此给予了关注。虽然在如何进行书面纠正性反馈及何种反馈形式更为有效等方面还存在着较大的争议,但已有研究显示,书面纠正性反馈研究对于指导教学工作、提高学生写作能力意义重大。本文就“书面纠正性反馈的有效性”“不同书面纠正性反馈形式的有效程度”“纠正反馈效果的影响因素”“学习者对书面纠正性反馈的态度”四个方面对国内有关该议题的研究进行了梳理与分析,并指出这些已有研究的不足。文章最后为未来书面纠正性反馈研究提出了作者的建议。     

二语习得中书面纠正性反馈的有效性研究

近年来,书面纠正性反馈是二语习得研究中一个非常有争议的话题。随着Truscott(1996)文章提出书面纠正性反馈的消极作用后,大量实证研究开始探讨其有效性。本文在厘清书面纠正性反馈有效性争论的主要观点后,综述国外相关实证研究,提出在教学上的启示。     

高中英语写作教师书面反馈研究

为了提高高中英语写作教师书面反馈的有效性,本研究对高中英语写作教师书面反馈的有关情况进行了调查。调查结果表明:高中教师的英语作文书面反馈体现出采用纠错性反馈的频率高,较多关注语法和语言使用的指导的基本特点;大部分学生重视教师书面反馈,但学生对教师书面反馈的满意度和利用还需进一步提高;教师写作反馈对于提高学生写作信心、表达准确性以及整体写作水平都有一定帮助;学生最重视的是词汇、语法方面的反馈;最受学生欢迎的反馈方式是纠错性反馈和教师的书面反馈;学生希望教师在作文反馈中多一些正面评价。     

大学英语过程写作中教师书面反馈的研究

大学英语过程写作强调学生的写作是一个不断修改完善的过程。在英语过程写作中,教师的书面反馈是推动学生对其写作进行修改和完善的重要环节。本文旨在通过实验的方法,研究教师书面反馈的分类、书面反馈主要针对的问题以及教师对于书面反馈的自我评价。     

The development of student feedback literacy: the influences of teacher feedback on peer feedback

Abstract

Although the concept of student feedback literacy has drawn increasing attention in higher education, empirical research on this matter is still in its infancy. In the area of peer feedback, little research has investigated the role of teacher follow-up feedback on peer feedback in the development of student feedback literacy. To address the research gap, a multiple-case study of three Chinese master’s students enrolled in an academic writing course was conducted, drawing on the students’ drafts with peer feedback, teacher written feedback on that peer feedback, semi-structured interviews, retrospective verbal reports, observation field notes and class documents. Three students’ epistemological and practical knowledge about, attitudes towards, and self-efficacy beliefs in peer feedback were found to improve at different paces and to different degrees. However, considerable individual variations were observed with two high-achieving, highly motivated participants becoming more feedback-literate than their under-achieving, minimally motivated peer. Teacher feedback on peer feedback was found to have distinct impacts on individual students, depending on learner factors including language ability, beliefs and motivation. These findings suggest that teacher feedback on peer feedback, if consistently provided and compatible with learner factors, can scaffold both cognitive and social-affective aspects of student feedback literacy.     

大学英语写作中逻辑错误分析及对策

通过对湖南中医药大学非英语专业学生的两篇习作的研究表明：在纠正学生写作中所犯的逻辑错误方面,相比教师反馈,同级反馈效度低。因此,教师在对学生习作进行反馈时,尤其要指出学生逻辑思维方面的漏洞,以提高他们的逻辑思维能力,从而从根本上提高学生的写作应用能力。     

论朗读在大学英语学习中的作用

英语学习必须重视朗读,因为坚持不懈的朗读可以使学习者形成正确的语音语调,同时朗读也可以锻炼学习者的阅读、思维和听说的能力,对学习者的书面表达能力也会产生有效的促进作用。     

Evidence for different parent–child strategies while reading

This study examined the strategies parents use naturally to help early readers at difficult points of text or pronunciation. Forty‐two children were videotaped reading to a parent. Results suggest parents are not likely to provide specific instructional feedback when listening to their children read. When given, parental feedback tends to be well tuned to the child's reading ability, with parents of less skilled readers providing richer and more varied feedback than parents of more skilled readers. A tree clustering analysis placed parents in one of three groups: 1) ‘Learner centred’ parents use a variety of feedback strategies; 2) ‘Inactive’ parents allow their children to continue uncorrected; 3) ‘Direct’ parents supply the miscued word. The children of ‘learner centred’ parents did not perform as well as children of ‘inactive’ parents on measures of reading ability, possibly because parents of better readers no longer need to be ‘learner centred’.     

The effects of peer assessment on learner autonomy: An empirical study in a Chinese college English writing class

The study reports on a one-semester-long intervention study of peer assessment in a college English writing class. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of peer assessment on learner autonomy (LA). Seventy English major sophomores from an independent college in China participated in the study, who were randomly divided into two groups of 35 students each. Traditional teacher feedback was used in the control group while peer assessment was adopted for the experimental group. A questionnaire on LA was administered to both groups as the pre-test and the post-test. A number of ANCOVA analyses were run to measure the effects of peer assessment on students’ LA. The results indicate that peer assessment enhanced the students’ learner autonomy. Peer assessment significantly reduced learners’ dependence on the teacher and boosted the students’ confidence in learning ability, while failing to make noticeable improvement in the other aspects of LA.     

Understanding the role of students’ reflections in their uptake of teacher written feedback

This study reports on the role of students’ reflections in their teacher written feedback. Informed by a qualitative case study approach, this study collected data from 18 students across a semester of an English-as-a-foreign language writing course at a university in China. In the course, teacher written feedback and students’ reflections were both informed by writing as a meaning-making process. The data sources included 72 pieces of student essays, 144 pieces of reflection written by the students, and post-semester interviews with the students. The study showed that engaging students in writing reflections was helpful for developing their knowledge of writing, although the process somewhat followed a zigzag trajectory. The exercise helped them transcend their previous knowledge repertoires, thereby assisting them in critically understanding their revision process and refining their knowledge of writing in response to the teacher’s written feedback. In particular, the students felt that the meaning-making-based reflections provided clear and accessible layers for them to understand the close relationship between language and content. As such, the students felt that they were able to harness their reflections as a written venue through which they could critically digest the teacher’s written feedback and develop their knowledge of writing as a meaning-making process while dialoguing with their instructor.     

对公共英语教学的反思

公共英语教学,以学生为中心,学生是学习语言的主体,教师是引导者、助学者、鼓励者、学习者的好朋友,反馈的提供者。培养学习者有自主学习、实际应用的能力,为学生终身发展打下基础;做好充分调查,有的放矢、因材施教;加强教师自身修养、提高综合素质,促进教学相长;课堂创设情感氛围,激发学生学习积极性、主动性,提升教学质量。     

Cooperative writing response groups: revising global aspects of second-language writing in a constrained educational environment

This article describes a cooperative writing response initiative designed to develop writing skills in foreign/second-language contexts (hereafter L2). The strategy originated from my desire to cater for my learners’ need to become better writers in English within a constrained educational environment in Argentina. In this article I describe this strategy and show how it has worked in my setting. First, I offer the rationale on which it rests, based on a sociocultural conception of reading and writing. This involves brief considerations about the notions of collaborative writing groups, social responses to texts and coherence in L2 writing. Second, I describe and explain the strategy in detail, and include one handout with specific written instructions (as my learners received them) for the cooperative writing response groups with a focus on coherence, i.e. global aspects of the composing process. Finally, I exemplify the strategy using one learner’s written text as a foundation (disclosed by permission).     

对学生口语的纠正反馈在交际法英语教学中的实证研究

文章采用三种方法对学生英语口语的纠正反馈在CLT课堂的重要性进行了实证研究。先通过访谈、问卷调查了教师和学生对纠正反馈的态度和偏好,再运用听课记录分析了教师对学生错误纠正的频率,以及纠正反馈所产生的作用。调查结果发现,大部分老师和学生对纠正反馈持肯定态度,交际互动中老师对学生口语错误的纠正反馈能较大程度上引起学生对正确语言的理解并对错误做出一定量的修正。据此,本研究认为,在CLT课堂中,适当的纠正反馈是重要的,必不可少的,对学生的英语学习有很大的促进作用。