情绪调节：过程、影响因素及其神经机制

认知重评和表达抑制是最常用且最有效的情绪调节策略。情绪调节还可以分为两个方面,即先行关注情绪调节和反应关注情绪调节。当前的研究都聚焦于有意的情绪调节,而自动情绪调节也是一种重要的情绪调节方式。影响情绪调节发展与策略使用的因素包括遗传、性别、年龄和家庭等。认知重评与表达抑制的神经机制存在共享的区域,但两种策略在使用过程中又会激活与抑制不同的大脑区域。     

Definitional issues in emotion regulation research

Operational definitions of emotion regulation are frequently unclear, as are links between emotion regulation measures and underlying theoretical constructs. This is of concern because measurement decisions can have both intentional and unintentional implications for underlying conceptualizations of emotion regulation. This report examines the implications of some such decisions, including (a) focusing on types versus total amount of emotion regulation, (b) determining distinctiveness of measures of emotion versus emotion regulation strategies, (c) deciding whether and how to examine temporal sequencing of strategy use and emotion, d) using discrete versus global emotion measures, and (e) determining when emotion is being regulated. Finally, the need for better conceptualizations and empirical assessments of adaptive (vs. maladaptive) emotion regulation is discussed.     

关于情绪调节的性质探析

情绪调节指个体对自己所产生情绪及怎样去体验和选择如何表达情绪施加影响的过程。成功的情绪调节能够使个体产生良好的生理唤醒,提高其应对生活的能力,而不合理的情绪调节则会影响个体的身心健康并危及其正常的社会功能。研究者通过对有关情绪调节的界定、策略、影响因素、研究方法等方面的分析,从而对情绪调节的性质进行了探讨。     

Disambiguating the components of emotion regulation

Affective neuroscience and cognitive science approaches are useful for understanding the components of emotion regulation; several examples from current research are provided. Individual differences in emotion regulation and a focus on the context of emotion experience and expression provide additional tools to study emotion regulation, and its development, from a biobehavioral perspective.     

听障大学生情绪调节特点及其对人际关系的影响

为探讨听障大学生情绪调节特点及其对人际关系的影响,该研究将《情绪调节困难量表》和《人际关系综合诊断量表》施测于200名听障大学生和177名普通大学生。结果显示,听障大学生在情绪调节的整体状况以及情绪接受、冲动控制、策略使用三个方面遇到的困难均要显著高于普通大学生。进一步分析发现,情绪接受和策略使用上的困难对听障大学生在人际关系上的困扰有显著预测作用。最后对如何通过针对性情绪调节技能的培训改善听障大学生面临的人际关系困扰进行了讨论。     

Social Competence and Language Skills in Mandarin–English Bilingual Preschoolers: The Moderation Effect of Emotion Regulation

Research Findings: The main aim of this study was to examine whether language skills and emotion regulation are associated with social competence and whether the relationship between English skills and social competence is moderated by emotion regulation in Mandarin–English bilingual preschoolers. The language skills of 96 children ages 36–69 months from Australian child care centers were assessed using standardized English and Mandarin tests. Social competence was assessed using teacher reports on the Behavior Assessment System for Children–2 (BASC-2) with 4 composite scales: Externalizing, Internalizing, Behavioral Symptoms, and Adaptive Skills. Positive emotion regulation and emotion dysregulation were assessed using the disappointing gift task and teacher report on the Emotion Regulation Checklist. The results show that positive emotion regulation, emotion dysregulation, English skills, and Mandarin skills were associated with different composites of the BASC-2; the relationships between English skills and Behavioral Symptoms were moderated by positive emotion regulation; and English skills and Adaptive Skills were moderated by emotion dysregulation. Practice or Policy: Discussion of the results includes new considerations for a focus on emotion regulation as well as language to promote social competence in bilingual children.     

On the nature of emotion regulation

This paper presents a unitary approach to emotion and emotion regulation, building on the excellent points in the lead article by Cole, Martin, and Dennis (this issue), as well as the fine commentaries that follow it. It begins by stressing how, in the real world, the processes underlying emotion and emotion regulation appear to be largely one and the same, rendering the value of the distinction largely for the benefit of analysis. There is an extensive discussion of how the same processes can generate emotions (i.e., are constitutive of emotion) and account for variability of manifestation of emotion in context (i.e., regulate them). Following an extensive review of many of the principles involved in emotion and emotion regulation, the paper presents implications for developmental study of infants and children, includes several methodological recommendations, and concludes with an analysis of the extent to which contemporary affective neuroscience contributes to the study of emotion and emotion regulation.     

艺术类大学生情绪调节策略特点及其与人格、自动思维关系研究

采用问卷法对351名艺术类大学生进行调查,探讨艺术类大学生情绪调节策略特点及其与人格、自动思维的相互关系.结果表明:(1)艺术类大学生在情绪调节策略使用上性别差异不显著;在愤怒和悲伤两种消极情绪调节策略中,注意转移策略最多.前者的情境修正策略最少,后者的人际支持策略最少.表达抑制策略在两种情绪调节中的使用均较少;在快乐情绪调节策略中,支持分享策略使用最多,表达抑制最少.(2)人格特质P、N和L及自动思维与情绪调节策略关系密切;(3)人格特质P,或通过自动思维对情绪调节策略有直接和间接效应.     

An investigation into the capacity of student motivation and emotion regulation strategies to predict engagement and resilience in the middle school classroom

Although most of the initial research on self-regulated learning focused on cognitive and meta-cognitive aspects, there has been a growing interest in the emotion and motivation domains of self-regulation. This article reports on research undertaken to investigate specific motivation and emotion regulation strategies used by middle school students and the relationship between the use of such strategies and student engagement and resilience. The research targeted one type of motivation regulation??goal-oriented strategies??and two types of emotion regulation: antecedent and stress release strategies, together with avoidance strategies. Students who used goal-oriented motivation regulation strategies were more likely than others to be resilient. Contrasting results were obtained when investigating the ability of each emotion regulation strategy type to predict engagement and resilience. As expected, students who used avoidant strategies were less likely than others to develop resilience. This article discusses the implications of the research for the classroom, including the teaching of particular motivation and emotion regulation strategies to students and providing the right classroom environment for strategy development.     

Self-Study of a Teacher’s Practices of and Experience with Emotion Regulation: Being and Becoming through Reflection and Engagement

ABSTRACT

Research on teacher emotion regulation is typically conducted by outsiders and focuses on how emotion is regulated. This self-study was conducted by a practicing teacher to explore the lived experience of teacher emotion regulation and the many influences that inspire the need for such regulation. Throughout a 14-week semester, daily “in-the-moment” recordings of emotion were collected as they arose, and analyzed weekly. With a critical friend, further analysis was conducted to explore the genesis of the emotion as well as the response and possible alternatives. We believe that understanding the experience of the emotion is possibly more important than how it is regulated. Through reflection, this teacher began to resolve deeper issues that had evoked negative emotions, which shifted her approach to difficult situations and reduced the amount of negative emotions experienced. We conclude that the research on emotion regulation should focus on understanding the underlying issue triggering the emotion than on controlling the emotions displayed.     

A Longitudinal Study of Emotion Regulation,Emotion Lability‐Negativity,and Internalizing Symptomatology in Maltreated and Nonmaltreated Children

The longitudinal contributions of emotion regulation and emotion lability‐negativity to internalizing symptomatology were examined in a low‐income sample (171 maltreated and 151 nonmaltreated children, from age 7 to 10 years). Latent difference score models indicated that for both maltreated and nonmaltreated children, emotion regulation was a mediator between emotion lability‐negativity and internalizing symptomatology, whereas emotion lability‐negativity was not a mediator between emotion regulation and internalizing symptomatology. Early maltreatment was associated with high emotion lability‐negativity (age 7) that contributed to poor emotion regulation (age 8), which in turn was predictive of increases in internalizing symptomatology (from age 8 to 9). The results imply important roles of emotion regulation in the development of internalizing symptomatology, especially for children with high emotion lability‐negativity.     

情绪调节和记忆的关系理论模型

情绪调节和记忆的关系是近几年逐渐兴起的一个研究领域,对于进一步认识情绪与认知的关系、形成有效的情绪调节策略、提高教学和学习效率、促进儿童青少年的健康发展具有重要意义。文中介绍了情绪调节类型,对其与记忆的关系的理论和实证研究进行了评述,最后讨论了情绪调节与记忆关系的研究方向。     

儿童情绪调节策略的发展及其对教育的启示

情绪调节策略是个体为了达到情绪调节的目的而有意图、有计划的努力和做法。情绪调节策略影响个体情绪调节的能力和水平。了解儿童情绪调节策略的类型和发展特点、帮助儿童掌握良好的情绪调节策略,对于促进积极情绪调节能力的形成、维护心理健康具有重要的意义。     

依恋对婴幼儿情绪调节能力发展的影响及其教育启示

依恋是儿童早期社会关系的重要内容,对个体情绪调节能力的发展具有重要影响。文章在归纳大量相关研究的基础上,认为依恋对个体情绪调节的影响主要体现在：依恋对象是婴幼儿情绪的“外部组织者”;婴幼儿在与依恋对象交互作用中学会情绪调节;依恋安全性是导致情绪调节策略个体差异的重要因素;依恋对象提供身体和情感的安全依赖;婴幼儿依恋具有情绪动机功能和促进儿童对情绪的理解的功能。依恋的这些功能促进了婴幼儿情绪调节能力的发展。文章还依据这些心理机制归纳了对幼儿教育的启示。     

教师职业研究的新视角——情绪工作研究探析

首先从情绪工作的定义、特征出发分析教师是属于高情绪工作者,之后阐述情绪工作的调节策略以及影响调节策略的相关因素,以期为研究教师职业提供一个新视角。     

情绪的双重记忆模型与情绪的认知调节

本文通过综合不同情绪的多层模型所构建的理论框架,阐述了情绪的双重记忆模型,展示了情绪和情绪调节在其复杂的交互系统中的运作,表明了情绪和情绪调节对认知各重要领域均具有恢复作用。针对在情绪调节中运行的认知过程不同,系统地考察了连续注意、记忆过程、意识和情绪体验觉察等问题,结合临床应用得出结论,并对未来的研究方向予以了展望。     

儿童情绪调节的ERP标识器

情绪调节的神经科学研究表明,情绪与认知之间的相互作用是适应性情绪调节能力发展的基础。儿童情绪调节发展的两个重要的候选神经标识器类型,分别标识了情绪需求条件下的注意控制和消极情绪的注意加工。现有事件相关电位研究表明,N2、Nc、误差相关负波、晚正电位这些反映情绪、认知整合的ERPs成分可作为儿童和成人情绪调节的临床指标,并且有可能起到情绪调节神经标识器和预测特定情感障碍风险的作用。在探究情绪调节和情感心理病理学神经标识器的未来研究中,应充分重视情绪对认知的作用,改善研究方法并关注个体差异。     

情绪调节在儿童焦虑症治疗中的作用

文章从情绪调节的定义入手,介绍了治疗儿童焦虑症的认知行为疗法,但它只对大约60—70％的儿童是有效的。文中重点介绍了情绪调节在焦虑症儿童治疗中的作用,还介绍了针对改善个体水平以及家庭水平的情绪调节策略。     

情绪、情绪调节的ERPs晚正成分研究进展

基于神经学方法的运用,情绪、情绪调节研究发现事件相关电位的晚正成分LPP与情绪刺激的自动化加工、有意控制加工之间有着紧密的联系。LPP源于枕叶和后顶叶皮层,由蓝斑——去甲肾上腺素系统对情绪刺激进行反应时产生,反映了注意对情绪刺激的持续偏向和加工。由于个体生活经历、年龄发展及基因的不同,LPP存在个体差异性。情绪调节的ERP研究发现,LPP的时程可作为情绪调节的替代指标。在此基础上,提出ERP在较完整理解情绪加工和调节这一应用领域中的未来发展方向。     

Do emotion regulation difficulties explain the association between executive functions and child physical abuse risk?

This study examined the associations between executive functioning problems, emotion regulation difficulties, and risk for perpetrating child physical abuse (CPA). It was hypothesized that: (a) poor executive functions (i.e., working memory problems and inhibition/switching problems) would be associated with higher levels of emotion regulation difficulties and CPA risk; (b) emotion regulation difficulties would be positively associated with CPA risk; and (c) emotion regulation difficulties would partially explain the association between executive functions (i.e., working memory problems and inhibition/switching problems) and CPA risk. To examine these predictions, a sample of 133 general population parents (31% fathers) completed self-report measures of CPA risk, emotion regulation difficulties, working memory problems, and a performance-based measure of inhibition/switching skills. Results revealed that executive functioning problems were linked with emotion regulation difficulties, which in turn were associated with CPA risk. Moreover, emotion regulation difficulties explained the relationship between executive functions (working memory, inhibition/switching) and CPA risk. The final model accounted for 41% of the variance in CPA risk. Although additional research is needed, the present findings suggest that enhancing parents’ executive functioning and teaching them effective emotion regulation skills may be important targets for CPA prevention efforts.